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acre, or take 80 acres under the "Homestead Bill." Outside

mony to that of one of your correspondents regarding the efficiency of kerosene oil, in expelling vermin. A dog in a wretched state of body and mind, by reason of flees, was thoroughly washed in the oil, and the enemy skedaddled. Would it not be good for lice on cattle? W. H. COLEMAN. Orange Co. Aug. 7.

WILLOW PEELER-Answer to inquiry in last Number:Matthew Easterbrook, jr., of Geneva, N. Y., has invented and patented an excellent willow peeler. Any information concerning it may be obtained by addressing him as above.

Apple Trees.

V. P.

M. FRERE HENRY of Rennes, in an article communicated to the Abeille Pomologique, mentions the following interesting facts:

For fifteen years he remarked that apple trees, the lower part of whose stem was covered with cider pressings, spreading out from a large adjoining heap of that material, made double and treble the growth of trees that were not so circumstanced.

me hear from you. The milder form, or scratches as it is often called, which often appears on horses as well as cattle, may easily be cured by the application of pot fat, or lard well saturated with salt. The former is best. Both sure remedies in this vicinity. Every farmer should keep the former by him. A READER OF THE CULTIVATOR. Milford, Ct. THE HOMESTEAD LAW.-I see in the August number of THE CULTIVATOR, an inquiry about the "Homestead Bill," its provisions, where public lands are situated, &c., &c., which you have answered in the main correctly. If not trespassing too much I would like very much to give some information to those seeking "free homes," through the medium of your excellent paper. To be as brief as possible, I would Refuse Pulp from Cider Mills as a Fertilizer for refer parties to your August number, as to who can take the benefit of the "bill." Now as to the location of these lands: Certain railroads have lands granted for their construction-to wit: every alternate even numbered section, within 6 miles of the road is retained by Government, and is held at $250 per acre, while every alternate odd numbered section is donated to the railroad, so that one can enter the even numbered section within the six mile limit, at $2.50 per of this limit one can enter for $1.25 per acre, or take 160 acres under the said bill or act. (I see that you had it within fifty miles of the road, an error in printing I take it.) More recently, between old and extremely exhausted Large quantities of Government lands are still vacant and willow stools, there was spread about nine inches thick unappropriated in this part of Wisconsin, to wit: in what is of old marc, or cider pressings. In the same year of called the " Chippewa Land District." Location of land the application this produced an extraordinary effect. office is Eau Claire, Eau Claire Co., Wis, a town of 2000 in- Those Willow stools, which for many years had prohabitants. Good land can be got within 12 miles of this duced only weak twigs, scarcely worth the expense of place, within to 3 miles from good settlements, schools, &c. cutting, pushed with great vigor, and have since conLand is well watered; prairie and heavy timber. Climate tinued to do so. In consequence of these observations, about same as central New York and Massachusetts; pleas- he determined on turning to account, as manure for ant winters and very healthy, no fever and ague. The country is rapidly settling up with New York and New Eng-fruit trees, an enormous heap of marc which blocked land people. Any letters of inquiry directed to H. C. Put-up the way. He asked the opinion of some fruit grownam, County Surveyor, Eau Claire, Wis., from any of your ers; but they said the marc would burn the roots. subscribers, will be cheerfully answered, giving all necessary However, in the beginning of February, observing that information. We communicate with the east via Chippewa the pips were beginning to germinate all over the surand Mississippi river by steamboat. face of the heap, he concluded that if the radicles of Eau Claire, Wis. the embryo were not burned, it was not likely that older roots would be injured, and did not hesitate to apply the manure to four hundred apple and pear trees, in the following manner :

your

H. E. P.

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AGE OF SHEEP.-Can you or some of correspondents give a simple and reliable rule by which the age of sheep may be ascertained? A SUBSCRIBER. Kingston, N. Y, July 27. [The lamb, when dropped, has two small incisor teeth in the lower jaw, sometimes none, and others appear in a few weeks. These are temporary teeth. In the second year, the two central ones drop out and are succeeded by two broader and larger ones, the permanent teeth. In the third year, two more drop out and are succeeded by two more large ones, making four in all. The fourth year there are six broad teeth, and the fifth eight, or a full set. This general rule, however, has considerable exception, as the permanent teeth sometimes appear earlier. After five years there is no accurate mode of judging the age, and an estimate can be made only by those who have had considerable experience, by their being worn down or broken.]

In February, 1859, he removed the soil from around trees, trained as pyramids and as vases, to the distance of a radius of twenty-one inches, and as deep as the principal upper roots. He then put to each tree three or four forkfuls of marc, pressing it down with the foot, and covering it slightly with a portion of the removed soil, the remainder of which was spread on the borders. As marc is very retentive of moisture, and at the same time a good conductor of heat, which was excessive in 1859, numerous roots were speedily formed in its slowly decomposing substance. "Even this year," says CAN THE POTATOES BE SAVED. I have been promising MR. HENRY, "although rather colder than usual, the myself the pleasure of sending you some Colebrook seed-effects of the impulse given as above to vegetation is lings, a new fall potato, originating in Connecticut, and, I remarkably apparent. The stems of fruit trees have believe, unknown to the public generally. It is a large, become clear of Lichens and Moss; and latent buds, oval, smooth red-skinned potato, having the eyes directly on from the abundant flow of sap, were readily developed the surface, a great point with the potato peeler. I planted on making an incision where branches were wanted to five cut potatoes, whose product grew finely until the latter be called into existence. Bad growers, such as the part of July, when the leaves turned brown, apparently from Mouillebouche and Bezi de Caissoy Pears, were thus the attacks of a small black bug which covered them in great made to present a regular vegetation. numbers. I fought them with lime, ashes, manure-water, &c., but in vain. The tops died down, and I pulled them up. The potatoes are half or two-thirds grown. What shall I do with them? Leave them in the ground or dig them up? W. H. COLEMAN. Orange Co. [Is our correspondent sure that it is not the rot which affects his potatoes? In that case, we should think it the better way to dig them at once.] THE GRAIN APHIS.-I notice in your issue for August, an "In conclusion I am justified by my own experience, inquiry in regard to the presence of the grain aphis in different in saying that I can confidently recommend the use of sections. I have a small piece of wheat which has been cov- the mare of apples as a manure for fruit trees, and thus ered with them as thick as the wheat in this section was last turn to good account a substance which many allow to year; they came on early, as soon as the heads of the wheat began to show; they have now entirely disappeared. I also go to waste, not even taking the trouble to mix it with noticed a few on my oats. Any facts in regard to this insect the dung in the manure heaps. will be of interest to farmers in this section? E. w. "Before using the marc it would probably be advisringford Conn. [A very full account of the Grain Aphis able to throw it up in a large heap so as to induce ferfrom the pen of Dr. FITCH, may be found in the COUNTRY mentation in order to disengage certain acid or other GENTLEMAN for August 15, 1861, p. 114-also in the Tran-principles; and then apply it to the trees when the gersactions of the N. Y. State Ag. Society, 1860, pp. 833-840.]mination of the pips takes place, that is, in the month KEROSENE FOR LICE ON CATTLE.-I can add my testi- of February. Fruit trees in gardens, and doubtless

Tor

"But a fact to which I would wish more particularly to draw attention is, that some delicate varieties of which the fruit is apt to crack, for example, the Beurre d' Aremberg, or Glout Morceau, Doyenne Roux, Beurre Gris, &c., now produced fruit perfectly smooth and sound.

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AND ALDERNEYS
FOR SALE.

USSELL'S

Albany, N. Y. PROLIFIC

STRAWBERRY PLANTS

are now offered for sale.

Catalogues sent to all applicants giving its orgin and

Superiority over all other Varieties, by enclosing one stamp. Price $5 per dozen; $3 per half dozen. All orders registered at date received. Plants ready for delivery in the spring of 1863, and will be sent out in rotation as ordered. Address Aug. 14-w4t.

GEORGE CLAPP, Auburn, N. Y. TRAWBERRY PLANT S.TRIOMPHE DE GAND.

ST

The subscriber offers for sale, at reasonable prices, a number of
Short-Horn cows, heifers and bulls, of Bates' blood, and in prime con
dition, and also a few pure and high grade Alderney cows, heifers
and bulls of the best blood in the country, delivered at the cars in
Albany free of charge. Address Dr. HERMAN WENDELL,
Feb. 13-w&mtf.
Hazelwood, Albany, N. Y.
The subscriber offers this very superior strawberry for sale at re-
PIGS.duced rates: $1 per 100; $4 per 500; #7 per 1,000. Also
WILSON'S ALBANY,

C HESTER

COUNTY

The undersigned continues to execute orders as heretofore for his pure stock of the above celebrated breed, which will be carefully shipped to any point of the Union, in pairs not akin.

The selections are made only from pure bloods, and chiefly from premium animals which have been uniformly successful at our local Fairs. He refers to purchasers from him in all sections of the Union. PASCHALI MORRIS, Agricultural and Seed Warehouse, Feb. 14-wtf. 120 Market-street, Philadelphia.

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50 cents per 100; 4 per 1,000.

Plants will be carefully packed and delivered to Express without
extra charge. Ready for delivery August 20th, and after. Address
Aug. 14-wɔ̃t.
JOHN DINGWALL, Florist, Albany, N. Y.

SCH

CHENECTADY AGRICULTURAL WORKS,
G. WESTINGHOUSE & CO., Proprietors,

MANUFACTURE THIER PATENT

ENDLESS CHAIN HORSE POWERS,

COMBINED THRASHERS & CLEANERS, THRESHERS AND SEPARATORS CLOVER MACHINES, Wood-Saws, (Circular and Cross Cut,) &c. Also an improved pattern of SWEEP HORSE POWERS and LARGE THRESHERS AND CLEANERS.

THE FIRST PREMIUM

NEW-YORK STATE TILE WORKS, was awarded our Thresher and Cleaner at the late New-York State

Near the Corner of Lark & Lydius-Sts.,

Albany, N. Y.,

WM. M. BENDER, Proprietor.
GEO. JACKSON, Superintendent.

The subscriber is prepared to furnish Round, Sole and Horse-Shoe Tile, over 13 inches in length, by the cargo, or in the smallest quantity on demand, at prices that he will defy any other parties to undersell him. He will warrant his tile hard burnt, and to fit close at the joints and altogether superior to any made in the United States. All tile delivered on board of cars and boats in this city free of charge. Price list sent on application.

N. B.-Drainage to any extent and at any place done by contract and tile furnished for the same. Ap 10-w-Jy 1-mlyr.

Also DRAINING TILE MACHINES for sale, of the latest improv. ed PATTERNS. For further particulars address as above.

RIGHTS FOR SCHOOLEY'S PRESERVA

TORY, (in New-York and Pennsylvania,) for sale by J. L ALBERGER, Buffalo, N. Y. Send for Pamphlet. Nov. 3.-wtf

Fair, which, with the many favorable reports from persons using them, prove them to be a superior machine, and as such are recommended to the notice of the public.

Also our Improved Clover Machines are offered to the public as possessing all the necessary requirements for hulling and cleaning clover at one operation in the most perfect manner.

Prices and description of the above named machine, will be found
in our Illustrated Circular, which will be sent free to all applicants.
Address
G. WESTINGHOUSE & CO.,
May 15-weow6t.
Schenectady, N. Y.
H. REEVES &
C O.,

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Topping Corn or Cutting it by the Ground, by M. M. HOWARD,

Ashes for Sandy Soil, by 8. P. KEATOR,

265

BLOOD

SHORT-HORNS,

AT PUBLIC AUCTION.

I shall offer at public sale my herd of SHORT-HORN CATTLE, 265 consisting of Eleven Cows and Heifers, and one Bull,

265

265

266

266

On Wednesday, October 1st, 1862. These cattle were bred (mostly by myself) from some of the finest 267 stock that could be selected in New-England.

267

This herd enjoys the reputation of being "second to none in the
271
271 Connecticut Valley."

Persons desiring to purchase are requested to send for catalogue.
B. H. STEDMAN,
Chicopee, Hampden Co., Mass.

272

273

275

277

Aug. 28-wGtmlt.

278

279
282

F

R

283

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The subscriber wishing to give up the farming businesss, offers his farm for sale, lying on Torringford Street, near Wolcottville, Win 286 stead, New-Hartford, which afford the best of markets for the pro287 ducts of the farm. It contains about 115 acres, 40 of which is wood287 land, estimated at 2.000 cords, which will pay for the farm, delivered 287 on the Naugatuck Railroad, 1 miles distant. The buildings are first 293 289 rate, most of them having been erected within a few years. It is 294 well known as one of the best farms in this section, being in a very high state of cultivation, never having any hay sold from it. Also 278 plenty of orcharding of grafted fruit. It is within a quarter of a mile 278 of church and schools. The farm will be sold at a low price, and part of the purchase money may remain on mortgage if desired.

286 289

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269

269

269

THE

270

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270

271

276

279

282

283

278

283

288

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

270

Construction of Cement Pipes,..

272

How to Make a Cheap Water Trough, by S. E. TODD,.

278

Rice Pudding and Sponge Cake, by K.,

278

Aug. 21-w3t.

Soldering Irons and How to Use them, by ST LAWRENCE, .

286

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LINSLEY BROTHERS & CO..

West Meriden, Conn.

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LODI

PHOSPHA

Composed of RAW BONES dissolved in sulphuric acid. Night Soil, Guano and Wool Dust, made by the

LODI MANUFACTURING COMPANY

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"PEASE'S EXCELSIOR WORKS,"

at a discount of 25 per cent. for cash.

HORSE POWERS & THRESHERS,
CIDER MILLS, SAW MILLS,
Clover Hullers, Dog Powers, Fodder Cutters, &c.
The manufacturing machinery and Patent Rights are all for sale
Price Lists and inquiries answered by addressing
Aug. 21-w2tmlt. RICHARD H. PEASE, Agent, Albany, N. Y.

THE FARMER'S LIBRARY

We know of no works which afford so much Practical Information on the subject of American Agriculture, which can be procured for double the cost, as the Third Series of "THE CULTIVATOR," the 9th vol. of which is now completed. The price of the Nine volumes, handsomely bound in muslin, is 75 cents each at this office, or $1.00 each sent by mail, post paid. Either volume from 1 to 9, can be had separately at the same price. The Nine volumes will be sent per Ex

THE
HE HORSE AND HIS DISEASE S.
Embracing his history and varieties, breeding and management, and
vices; with the diseases to which he is subject, and the remedies best
adapted to their cure. By Robert Jennings, V. S. To which are add-press to any part of the country, on receipt of $6 75.
ed Rarey's method of taming horses, and the law of warranty as ap-
plicable to the purchase and sale of the animal. Illustrated by near-
ly 100 engravings. Price $1.25 by mail, postpaid. For sale by

UTHER TUCKER & SON, Co. Gent. Office, Albany, N. Y.

AGRICULTURAL A

GRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL

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PUBLISHED BY LUTHER TUCKER & SON over the surface of the ground, and giving a cut less than

EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS, 395 BROADWAY, ALBANY, N. Y.

J. J. THOMAS, ASSOCIATE EDITOR, UNION SPRINGS, N. Y. TERMS FIFTY CENTS A YEAR.-Ten copies of the CULTIVATOR and Ten of the ANNUAL REGISTER OF RURAL AFFAIRS, with one of each

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half an inch high. The surface of the ground must of course be very smooth, and grass over two inches high cannot be cut. Hence the owner is compelled to keep his lawn closely sheared. The feet of the horse which draws it, are shielded so as not to bruise the turf; and the machine cuts a strip of grass about two feet wide. Its cost is $55.

Many kinds of hedge plants are under trial on these grounds-the honey locust promises well as a hardy plant. A dense screen of Norway spruce eight feet high, has been formed in a few years by planting the trees a foot

The Cultivator & Country Gentleman. and a half apart. A portion of the grounds is subdivided

SCATTERED NOTES OF TRAVEL.

Rochester and Vicinity.

into small compartments, the subdivisions formed of arbor vitæ hedges, which serve as an excellent shelter to tender plants from cold and cutting winds. The bearing dwarf trees, of which there are thousands, still exhibit their vigor and productiveness. The owners have resorted to the jarring system to save their plums. Several hundred trees were loaded with this fruit. Two men were employed two or three hours each day in jarring the insects on the spread sheets. They find the Primordian the best very early sort-it was nearly past its season; St. Etienne, a fruit somewhat resembling it, but larger, was fully ripe; and Precoce de Bergthold beginning to mature. On older trees, with less vigor of growth, these sorts (as well as other fruits) would be a week or two earlier. The last named variety is stated by Downing to be as early and better than the Primordian; but the experiment here shows it to be some two weeks later. The Early Orleans and Royal Hative had scarcely begun to ripen.

A brief jaunt to Rochester and vicinity afforded an opportunity to observe several objects of interest, which the readers of the COUNTRY GENTLEMAN may like to hear. In visiting most of the large nurseries, the effects of the war were plainly visible in the diminished energy which they generally exhibited. The owners do not expect the sales they made two years since, and are unwilling to employ so large a force. Weeds were consequently not quite so rare as formerly-some nurseries, indeed, showed them in rather formidable aspect. There are, nevertheless, a vast number of fine saleable trees, single establishments having many hundred thousands. HOOKER and FARLEY of Brighton, showed me a block of some 200,000 apple trees of excellent growth six or seven feet high, their grounds altogether comprising a hundred acres or more actually under nursery trees. H. S. HOOKER & Co., At Rochester, as elsewhere, there is a profuse crop of have a promising young growth of pears, cherries, and nearly every kind of fruit. Apricot trees were observed apples. ELLWANGER & BARRY still keep up their immense in different parts of the city, bending under loads of ripe 500 acre establishment. Although they are now doing fruit. Nearly all appeared to be the Breda, the only more than last year, they have diminished their previous hardy, reliable sort raised here. The curculio has appear. force, having reduced the number of their hands to one ed in diminished numbers-having starved last year, as hundred and thirty for the summer. Their home grounds some suppose, for want of a crop to live in. There are even exceed in beauty and finish the appearance of former nevertheless plenty yet left, for all practical, destructive seasons. I have never seen a softer velvet than their purposes. Apricots sell at about five dollars per bushel lawns exhibit, which are cut by means of Swift's Lawn- in the city; early apples at only one dollar per barrel. Mower with a more perfect finish than could ever be done Land owners, however, do not fear to plant orchards of by hand. The long walk, extending a half-mile from their winter varieties. Well grown, well selected, and well office to the rear grounds, and which is about 10 feet wide, packed specimens, that dealers can rely on as good, still comappeared like a polished green ribbon. Phloxes, ver- mand encouraging prices. Hooker and Farley showed benas, gladioli, tiger flowers, &c., were in large masses on me five trees of the Baldwin, from which they had sold either side, and afforded a brilliant display. This lawn-mower in one year seventy dollars worth of apples. On my way operates entirely different from a common mowing machine, from Macedon to Walworth, I rode past an orchard of consisting essentially of a cylinder of knives (somewhat re- about 150 trees which I had seen planted eight years besembling those of a straw-cutter) which is made to revolve fore, the heads now ten feet in diameter, and in full bearbackwards with great velocity in a hollow bed, which slides ing. Two seasons ago, or the sixth year, this orchard

bore forty barrels, besides a supply of sweet varieties not measured. It had been cultivated with beans, potatoes, and corn, and more recently the ground had been top dressed. It was planted by a man then seventy-eight years old, and now he is in full health and vigor enjoying the fruits. At T. G. YEOMANS' of Walworth, are large orchards of Baldwin apple trees, many of which have averaged two to three barrels each tree, at six years from setting out.

YEOMANS' NURSERY and Orchards, WALWORTH.-The readers of the COUNTRY GENTLEMAN have heard the fame of these grounds. They are as flourishing as ever. There are eleven acres of dwarf pear orchards, and 120 acres of other fruits, mostly apples. About 100 acres are in nursery, a large share of which is dwarf pears. The dwarf pear crop promises to be a good one the present year. The most remunerative part is a third of an acre, which bore a crop two successive years, the first selling for $400, and the next $500-$900 in the two years. The trees are 10 feet apart, and are cultivated with a two-horse team. They have now become so large that it is difficult to pass two horses, and 12 feet distance is preferred. The round form of training is preferred to the pyramidal. Some beautiful, nearly globular, or rather hemispherical headed trees were observed. They are pruned annually in winter or spring, and manured every two or three years. The Bartlett and Flemish Beauty are both cultivated as dwarfs to some extent, but are always double-worked. The proprietor differs from most as to the height of the heads in young orchard apple trees. His rule is six feet of clear bare stem before the branches of the head commence. This allows the horses to pass under freely, to give thorough cultivation which so largely contributes to his success. When the trees are large and bear heavy crops, the long branches, even at this height, are brought down to the ground. Those who prefer such tall-topped trees will ascribe his success to this practice; while others, who prefer low heads, will look upon the excellent culture which the trees receive, as sufficient to insure success, even in spite of an objectionable form of training.

In a nursery like this, where dwarf pears form a large part, it is essential to have a good supply of manure. A large amount is therefore purchased yearly and manufactured into compost. Swamp muck has been extensively employed. One-tenth to one-twentieth of ashes is also added. When muck cannot be obtained, ashes alone have been used, and are regarded as one of the best applications to prevent the waste of volatile parts-whatever theory may be, this is the opinion derived from experiment. The manure has to be drawn several miles, mostly from Palmyra and Macedon, and costs when deposited on the land about a dollar and a half per load. In one year, $1,800 were expended for manure. About 30 hands are employed during the season, and 60 or 70 during the digging and packing season.

pedient essential for a tree of this size. It was jarred daily and 170 insects caught and killed, and a moderate crop saved. This apricot, as is well known, is a different species from all others, and is as hardy as a maple. The fruit is not so good, but some prefer it, and when fully ripe is very pleasant and agreeable, while it has a rich handsome appearance. A Washington pear tree, standing near this apricot, on similar ground and under like treatment, is growing vigorously and bearing profusely. It is 7 inches in diameter, and has borne a good crop for many years without a failure, averaging about one barrel of fruit yearly. A few rods distant, a younger tree of Osband's summer pear (some 15 years old,) was bending under a heavy load of fruit, just beginning to ripen. No two varieties can probably excel the Washington and Osband for light gravelly soils and neglected culture; and those who cannot be persuaded to give their trees any culture whatever, would do well to plant these sorts for market, although they would doubtless be much improved in size by better care.

The difference in soils as affecting the growth of the pear exhibited in different regions, possessing nearly equal degrees of fertility for other purposes, is sometimes very striking, and is especially conspicuous in comparing the soil of Macedon, formerly occupied by the writer, and that of Union Springs, cultivated at the present time. Both grow equally good crops of wheat, corn, potatoes and grass, and such young fruit trees as the apple, peach and cherry. Young plum trees on anything else than the Canada stock can be scarcely grown at all at Macedon; while at Union Springs all sorts grow luxuriantly. At the latter place standard pears in the nursery are as large in two years as in ten years at the former place. Dwarf pears, on the contrary, grow best at Macedon. E. W. Herendeen showed me a block of 20,000 of these, which in two years had, without any manure, attained a height from five to seven feet, after cutting back for perfecting a good form, while beside them standard pears were feeble and unpromising. At Union Springs two years' standards, without manure, are often seven feet high. It is generally supposed that a large portion of clay is essential to the successful growth of the standard pear. This is partly corroborated by the fact that the soil is generally light at Macedon, and heavy or clayey at Union Springs; but this cannot be the whole reason. For in certain spots in the last named locality, marked as quite sandy, the standard pears grow as vigorously as in hard adhesive clay. The peculiarly favorable quality appears to belong to the whole region, and not to be influenced by the proportion of clay in the composition. In other regions, not so favorable, where certain spots are so clayey as to show numerous hard clods, these trees grow no better than on lighter portions of ground. While therefore, as a general rule, clayey regions are best, yet the whole influences do not appear to be yet fully ascertained. It is a question for further investigation,

GROUNDS OF E. W. HERENDEEN, MACEDON.-It was An accidental experiment with irrigation in this neighinteresting to observe the growth of trees formerly plant-borhood furnishes confirmation of the opinion of A. B. ed on these grounds by the writer of these sketches. A DICKINSON on the advantage of spreading a thin layer of Black apricot, standing on a hard gravelly spot, where it washed soil over the surface of grass lands, as a sort of could not be cultivated, was still healthy and in a growing mulch. An alluvial meadow of four acres, which I have state. It is some 25 years old, and is 9 inches in diam-known for more than twenty years, and which was never eter. Being in a remote part of the grounds, the curculio had always taken every fruit. This year a limb was sawed off to strike against for jarring the insects down-an ex

plowed during this period, has generally cut about two tons of hay per acre. It is very rarely overflowed, and has of late years rather declined in its crop of hay. But

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