proves. Natural immortality of the mind. First revelation of our

immortality; posthumous reputation; graspings of the mind; the

idea of immortality universal; opinions of pagan philosophers; the

mind's essential independence of the body. Proof from the Scrip-

tures; Old Testament; New. This a cheering truth. Eternal growth

of the mind,

CHAPTER VI.

ORIGIN OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE.

53

Theory of innate ideas. Theory of Locke. What Locke meant by

"idea." Views of Aristotle and others. Malebranche. Present

view. Present state of the question respecting the origin of knowl-

edge. Different kinds of ideas; simple and complex,

66

THE SENSES.

PART II.

PRIMARY KNOWLEDGE.

CHAPTER I.

PRIMARY KNOWLEDGE OF TWO KINDS.

Sense of SMELL; often defective; knowledge of

odors by this sense; varieties of odor great. Sense of TASTE.

Knowledge of flavors by this sense. Seldom wanting. Varieties

of flavors. The taste competent to all. HEARING. Knowledge

of sounds by this sense. Objections. This view sustained by facts.

Variety of sounds,

79

CHAPTER II.

SENSE OF TOUCH.

Not identical with that of temperature. Resistance learned by this

sense. Magnitude; form; distance; hardness and softness. SIGHT.

The knowledge of colors only by the eye. No other knowledge by

this sense. Figure, distance, magnitude, not learned by sight. Edu-

cation of this sense. Compensation,

CHAPTER III.

ADDITIONAL SENSES.

Sense of temperature. Weariness and fatigue. Pleasure and pain.

92

CHAPTER IV.

SENSATION.

Sensation defined. The mind the agent in sensation. How sensations

are known. All ideas by sensation cognitions. Physiological view of

sensation. Nerves and brain. The seat of sensibility not exclusively

in the head. Sensation not simple. How objects act on the organs

of sense.
These organs are stimulated. Sensations are local, Ob-

jection to this view. Cases cited by Reid. Philosophy and expe-

rience,

CHAPTER V.

107

IMPROVEMENT OF OUR SENSATIONS.

The organs susceptible of culture. How they may be improved. How

the sensations may be improved. Improvement of the sensation of

smell; of taste; of hearing; of touch; of sight. Summary, .

CHAPTER VI.

PERCEPTION.

Defined. Intuitive perception. Mutual relations of sensation and per-

ception. Distinction between sensation and perception. Entities

and nonentities. Objective and subjective entities. True percep-

tions. Examples. False perceptions. Examples. How we may

know whether our perceptions are true. Physical entities known by

contact. Each entity originally known by contact. Each entity

originally known by its appropriate sense. May also be known by

other senses. How the organs of sense are tested. How the media

of perception are tested. How the sanity of the mind is tested. Per-

ception presupposes attention. Process of perception,

CHAPTER VII.

CONCEPTION.

.

Conception of speculative truths. Further application of the term.
Distinction between conception and memory; between conception
and imagination. Vividness of conceptions. Influence of associa-
tion on conception. Influence of attention on conception. Concep-
tion of musical sounds. Influence of habit on conceptions of sight;
of musical sounds. Conceptions subservient to description. Facts
in proof. Is conception attended with belief? Cases of supposed
belief. Cases of real belief. Views of Reid. Cases of permanent
belief. Conception giving life to inanimate objects. False concep

121

135

tion from imperfect perception; from excited anticipation. *Pro-
tracted false conception. Uses of conception,

CHAPTER VIII.

PRIMARY RATIONAL KNOWLEDGE.

150

The inquiry confined to strict knowledge. Diversity of views on this

point. Materialism. Transcendentalism. Classification of the

mental powers. Brown's classification. Upham's original sugges-

tion. Objections to it. The rational powers of primary knowledge, 165

CHAPTER IX.

INTUITION.

Reasons for thus using the term. Mathematical axioms. Moral axi-

oms. Metaphysical axioms. Intuitive propositions; terms,

CHAPTER X.

CONSCIOUSNESS.

Refers to entities. Subjects of consciousness. Remarks upon it,

. 174

. 187

PART III.

SECONDARY KNOWLEDGE.

CHAPTER I.

ATTENTION.

Primary and secondary ideas. Attention; defined. Attention in

brutes. Nature of this mental act. How to secure fixedness of atten-

tion. Result. Example. Profound attention characteristic of great

minds. Absent-mindedness no mark of greatness. Divided atten-

tion. Hartley's theory. Objections to it. How it arose. Relation

of attention to religion,

CHAPTER II.

193

ASSOCIATION.

In brutes. Laws of association. How controlled.

Circumstances

affecting it. Its influence on science and the arts; on speculative

philosophy; on love of money; on fashion; on taste and general

character; on morals; on religion,

CHAPTER III.

MEMORY.

An ultimate power. Reasons for so considering it. In brutes. Univer-

sal. Circumstances affecting it; temperament; philosophical ar-

rangement; habits of detail; vocation; disease; characteristics of a

good memory,

219

CHAPTER IV.

MEMORY CONTINUED.

Culture of memory. Committing to memory. Committing to paper.
Artificial memory. Relation to religion,

230

PART IV.

DISTINGUISHING POWERS OF THE HUMAN

INTELLECT.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL VIEWS OF MAN'S SUPERIORITY.

Chain of degrees. Wherein men and brutes are alike. Dominion of

man. What constitutes his power and dominion. Likeness of the

human to the divine intellect,

CHAPTER II.

ABSTRACTION.

Importance of it. Illustration. Its relation to mathematics; to the
physical arts. Right use of it. Relation to religion,

239

246

CHAPTER III.

CLASSIFICATION.

Defined. Genera and species. An original principle. Incorrect
classification. This a distinguishing attribute. Science dependent
upon it; also the learned professions. Relation to religion. Sum-
mary,

253

CHAPTER IV.

INDUCTION.

Origin of belief in an established order of events. Induction a distin-

guishing attribute. Its various purposes. Relation to religion.

Furnishes the test of wisdom. Improvement of the inductive

faculty,

263

CHAPTER V.

REASON.

Definition. Propositions; hypothetical and declarative; need not be

formally stated. Order of propositions. Mathematical reasoning;

its distinguishing nature,

CHAPTER VI.

MORAL REASONING.

272

Its peculiarities. Its results may be certain. What constitutes a good

reason. Reasoning as distinguishing men from brutes. The human

mind progressive,

280

CHAPTER VII.

JUDGMENT.

Distinguished from reason. Ground for the distinction. Definition of

judgment. Views of Locke and Cousin; of Reid; of Stewart.

Remarks upon them. Views of Brown. Importance of a sound

judgment. Characteristics of a sound judgment,

CHAPTER VIII.

IMAGINATION.

289

An ultimate faculty. Stewart's illustration. Remarks upon it. Sim-

ple acts of imagination. Not confined to objects of sense. May be

wholly creative. Creative in part. Descriptive; poetic. Subservi-

ent to elegant composition; to eloquence; to the fine arts; to sci-

. 301

ence,

CHAPTER IX.

IMAGINATION AS RELATED TO MORALS AND RELIGION.

Perverted. Inordinate love of wealth. Love of power and fame.

Youth in cities. Vicious literature. Imagination rightly employed.

Discipline of the imagination. Works of imagination; how they

should be studied. Concluding remarks,

312