499 LAWS OF OPPOSITION. First. 500The truth of a Universal implies the truth of its particular. Second. 501The falsity of a universal does not imply the falsity of its particular. Third. 502The falsity of a particular implies the falsity of its universal. Fourth. 503The truth of a particular does not imply the truth of its universal. Fifth. 504Contraries cannot be both true, but may be both false. Sixth. 505 Subcontraries cannot be both false, but may be both true. Seventh. 506Contradictories cannot be both true nor both false. 507Of any two contradictories, one is true and the other false. 508A FALLACY-is an invalid intellectual process. 509 There are three classes of fallacies: Assumptions, Sophisms, Aberrancies. 610 AN ASSUMPTION - is that which is taken as true without evidence. 511 May be true or false. 512Argument containing it is invalid, not because the assumption is known to be false, but because not known to be true. 513To assume an assumption false because of its lack of evidence would be as invalid as to assume it true. There are many classes of assumption, mainly: 514 Non-observation, 515 Prejudice, 517 Hasty Generalization, 518 Appearances, Opinions, 520 Judging by Ourselves, etc. 516 Superstition, 519 Preconceived 521A SOPHISM-is an invalid argument. There are two kinds, 522 Formal Fallacies and 523 Petitio Principii (begging the question.) Formal fallacies are of several kinds, among them: 524 Illicit Process, 525 Negative Premises, 526Undistributed Middle, 527 and others too technical to be considered here. Same remark is true of the various kinds of Aberrancies. 528 ABERRANCY - is a wandering from the conclusion warranted to one not warranted. PHILOLOGY. 529 PHILOLOGY-treats of the origin, history, and construction of Language, 530and the relation of languages to each other. 531 Monosyllabic — said of languages in their earlier stage, when all the words consist of but one syllable each. 582 Agglutinative-533Polysynthetic-534 Holophrastic said of languages that have developed far enough to form long words by joining short ones; or, said of languages that, in order to form a word representing a complex idea, join all the words representing the simple ideas involved. Sample: 535" Amatlacuilolitquitcatlaxtlahuilli," meaning "postage." 536 Literally, "The-payment-received-for-carrying-a-paper-onwhich-something-is-written." (Mexican Indian dialect.) 537 Inflected - said of languages that show the grammatical relations of words by 538prefixes, 539suffixes and 540infixes. The inflected languages are much more highly developed, and yet, most of the above named 541affixes (or inflections) are abbreviations or modifications of other whole words, formerly joined on as in agglutinative languages. Our own compound words are a relic of that stage of the growth of English, and as English is less inflected than most modern languages (the grammatical relations being shown by 542 particles and 543 connectives), the secondary or agglutinative stage still persists. Many of the 544 Puritanic names in New England are good examples. The following scheme shows the parentage of the English language: The INDO-EUROPEAN or ARYAN family of languages comprises: - 545 Sanscrit - the ancient original language of India. Ceased to be spoken at least 300 B. C. 546Indic-such dialects as 547 Pali and 548 Prakrit (both dead), and 549 Hindi, 550 Hindostani, 551 Bengali, 552 Mahratti, etc. 553 Iraic or Persian, including 554 Pehlovi and 555 Parsi. 556 Celtic divided into two branches 557 Cymric — including 558 Welsh, 559Cornish, and 560 Armorican. 561 Gaelic - including 562Erse (Irish), 563 Scotch, and 564 Manx. 565Italic 566ancient Latin; from which are 567 Italian, 568 Spanish, 569 Portuguese, 570 French, 571 Wallachian, and 572 Romarese (Swiss). 678 Hellenic 574 ancient Greek, 575 Modern Greek, 576 Albanian. 578ancient Gothic. Modern Teutonic is divided into two 677 Teutonic groups 679 Scandinavian 5801 583Ice 584 Germanic-585 High German, 586 Low German, from which587 Hollandish, or Dutch, and 588 Anglo- 589 Saxon, combined into 590 ENGLISH. 501 Slavonic-includes 592 Russian, 593 Bulgarian, 594 Illyrian, 595 Polish, 596 Bohemian, 597 Lusatian, 598 Lettish, 599 Lithuanian, and 600Old Prussian. This entire group of languages is called by some authors 601 IndoEuropean, for geographical reasons. By others it is called 602 Japhetic, from Noah's youngest son, and by others it is called 603 Aryan, from an ancient country in Central Asia, called Arya, supposed to be the starting point of migration. A full classification of Philology embraces about 604fourteen hundred languages that are or have been spoken in the Eastern Hemisphere, and something over 605twelve hundred Indian dialects in the Americas. The latter are extremely holophrastic, as seen in our Indian Geographical names; e. g.,606 Alabama, Here-still-I-stand.607 Manitoba, (Manitou Ba), Spirit-of-the-lake. An extreme example is the Aztec word for "postage " cited above. . viz., ANTHROPOLOGY. 608 ANTHROPOLOGY - the science of man, embraces 609 SOMATOLOGY - (the 610 Biology of man) which treats of man the science of the soul. (Mental and Moral 612 ETHNOLOGY - which treats of man as engaged in the arts of life, and embraces 613 The Art of Society, 614 The Art of Religion, 615The Art of Language and Literature. Two special branches of Anthropology have been widely developed; 616 Theological Anthropology-as distinguished from Physiological, and 617 Criminal Anthropology - which discovers the conditions that that induce crime. Theological Anthropology has been developed under three phases, — 618 Augustinianism - asserts that man is morally dead. 620 Pelagianism asserts that man is morally well.. The Augustinian view supports Protestantism. So, Calvinism is revived Augustianism, and Arminianism is revived Semi-Pelagianism. The controversy is waged entirely upon grounds of logic. MORAL PHILOSOPHY, OR ETHICS. 621 ETHICS-is the science of human duty. Duty, as viewed by the light of 622environment, is the essence of Ethics; and 623 CHARACTER — being inseparably connected with the discharge of duty, is therefore dependent upon Moral Philosophy for its abstract qualities. 624 DUTY - presents three phases: 625 Duty to ourselves, 626 Duty to others, and 627 Duty to God. 628 DUTY - is composed of three elements:- 630 Good-the result of Duty, and 631 Right-the method of procedure. We can discharge no duty without feeling inherently all three of these qualities. In other words, all action has a direction as well as a source and an end. All perfect moral action proceeds from Love as its source, to Good as its end, and this procedure has the attribute of Righteousness, or rectitude. These three elements of duty are so intimately related that the existence of one practically necessitates the others. They are the three forms in which duty is seen when viewed subjectively, objectively, or abstractly. When we contemplate an act, our conscience notes the presence or absence of these three qualities, and approves or disapproves accordingly. The approval of conscience is a conjoint act of both the Intellect and Sensibilities. The pain resulting from a disapproval of conscience is the most depressing emotion, and is called 632 Remorse. The pleasure resulting from the approval of conscience, though not so intense as some other forms of pleasure, is the highest form of joy or happiness. |