118. Seven sacraments. Baptism. Confirmation not confined

to bishops. Absolution and confession. Matrimony Pil

grimages. Images.

119. Transubstantiation. The first formal determination on it

in England. He held sound doctrines with regard to the

atonement and sanctification.

120. The Lollards numerous. Poor priests. His doctrines

promote disturbances. Oxford friendly to his doctrines, gives

him letters testimonial.

121. Proclamation against the Lollards; their petition. Henry

IV. grants power to the church. Statute de hæretico com-

burendo.

122. William Sawtrey burnt; succession of martyrs ; their ex-

aminations, chiefly on transubstantiation, and submission to

the church.

123. Lord Cobham had joined Henry IV. In the reign of

Henry V. he diffuses the doctrines of Wiclif. Henry tries

to convince him of his error.

124. He is brought to trial; his examination resembles that of

Thorpe; their answers correspond with the opinions of Wic-

lif. Lord Cobham escapes ; he denies a fictitious recantation

which had been published; he is hung in St. Giles's field.

125. A previous disturbance had taken place there; with which

lord Cobham had probably no connexion.

126. Pecock promotes the reformation by excusing Romish

errors, and analysing what was innocent in them; he is made

bishop of St. Asaph and Chichester ; and deprived of his pre-

ferments.

127. He offended by supporting the papal power on sound prin-

ciples, and thus actually betraying its weakness. Images.

Pilgrimages.

128. Defends the supremacy, and the variety of religious orders,

but blames the abuses into which they had run.

129. The Bible the standard of his faith ; his opinions not far

from those of Wiclif; possessed of no great talents.

130. A continued succession of martyrs. Depravity of the reli-

gious orders.

131. Summary of the history. Reasons why power is given to

the ministers of the gospel. Misused by the church of

Rome.

132. The establishment still useful as a political engine. The

papacy a check to the crown. Importance of ecclesiastical

appointments; the right to them is disputed between the

lower clergy, the pope, and the king.

133. This competition arose from the value of preferments.

Bishoprics at first elective: when they became valuable, they

were sought by the king, and the court of Rome stepped in

to defend the clergy, and to take the appointment into her

own hands.

134. The wrong appointments of each party destroyed the be-

nefit of the establishment; and as this arose from the wealth

of the preferment, the reformers inveighed against this.

135. Real difficulty of the question ; considerable power then

necessary to defend the property of the church, which was

useful in promoting peace and civilization; this power abused,

and a reformation absolutely necessary. Bishoprics appointed

by the crown. Wiclif and his followers inveigh against any

temporal power in the hands of churchmen.

136. Offices of state in the hands of churchmen. Exclusive ju-

risdiction. Papal power dependent on false doctrines, and

these attacked by Wiclif. His translation of the Bible shewed

the people the truth, and persecution directed their attention

to it.

137. Steps towards a reformation. Wealth of the clergy ob-

served and reprobated. The existence of an English transla-

tion, of tracts, and preachers who were ready to suffer. Many

persons of rank convinced. Wiclif foresaw the final effect of

truth. We must look up through the instruments to the

great Artificer.

CHAP. IV. P. 119.

151. Causes of the reformation; discussion, extension of know-

ledge. Bill subjecting all robbers to the civil power. A preacher

inveighs against it.

152. Hunne dies in prison. Coroner's verdict of murder against

the chancellor. Hunne's body burnt. The king supports the

civil power.

153. Compromise about Horsey, the chancellor. Irritation of

the people. Imprudence of the clergy.

154. Vices of the clergy. Wolsey,

155. Wolsey, history of. Fox introduces him to Henry VIII.

His rise. Influence over Henry. His honesty unnecessarily

questioned.

156. Wolsey spoils Henry; his good qualities and faults.

157. Henry's book against Luther. Greek literature; patron-

ised by Henry and Wolsey. The study of the scriptures.

The cardinal's college. Colet reads lectures in St. Paul's;

accused of heresy. Ignorance of the clergy. Gospel of Ni-

codemus set up at Canterbury. Printing.

158. The divorce ; causes of it. Henry VIII. protests against

the marriage. He fears the curse of dying childless. Wol-

sey accused of insinuating scruples into the king's mind by

means of Longland. Henry probably entertained them be-

fore his love for Anne Boleyn.

159. Proposals made to Clement VII. Campegio sent to Eng-

land; he brings a bull with him, which he afterwards burnt ;

he causes delays, and at last postpones the decision.

160. The cause transferred to Rome. Wolsey's fall; he is un-

justly treated.

161. Wolsey submits, goes to York, and dies; his character ;

a good minister; weak after his fall.

162. The decision of the question of the divorce referred to

the universities; those of England and France declare the

marriage illegal

163. Decisions against the marriage. Clement still deceitful.

The clergy in England comply with the wishes of the king,

through fear, and with difficulty acknowledge his supremacy.

164. The parliament object to the power of the clergy. First-

fruits taken from the pope. Cranmer, archbishop of Canter-

bury; his objection to the oaths to the pope.

165. Divorce declared. The king had refused to appear by

proxy. Difficulty of arguing against the papal dispensation

before the pope. The delay of a messenger hastens the deci-

sion.

166. Laws against the pope. Supremacy of the king. The

power of bishops' courts curtailed. Succession. Oath of

supremacy.

167. More and Fisher sent to the Tower. The maid of

Kent.

168. Character of sir Thomas More; and his death.

169. Character of Fisher; his death. Margaret professorships.

170. The clergy are hated; the causes of this. Persecutions :

Bilney, Byfield, Tewksbury, Bainham, Tracy, Harding,

Hewett, Frith. Purgatory attacked.

171. Supplication of Beggars. Practice of Prelates.

172. The papal supremacy not more arbitrary than that of

Henry. The Scriptures, and the discussion of religious ques-

tions.

173. The effects of persecution ; of burning the scriptures.

Story of Tonstal.

174. Review of the reformation. Character of those who were

chiefly instrumental in producing it; Henry, Wolsey, sir

Thomas More, Clement.

CHAP. V. P. 154.

§. 201. The church of England must be dated from the divorce.

The clergy irritate the king. Franciscans executed. Visita-

tion of the church. Inhibition sent to the bishops ; their ec-

clesiastical authority restored to them by a commission from

the king. The bishops raise no opposition.

202. The king's object in dissolving monasteries. Cranmer's

Instructions given to the visitors. Voluntary surrenders.

All monasteries under 200l. per annum given to the king.

Number of these foundations; they bring little profit to the

crown.

203. Execution of Anne Boleyn ; her innocence. Divorce. Cran-

mer. Henry reconciled to Mary.

204. Henry marries Jane Seymour. Act of succession. Acts of

parliament against the pope’s authority.

205. Convocation. Alesse argues against the five sacraments.

Parties now formed in the church. Articles put forth.

206. Abstract of the Articles.

207. Proclamation to the clergy in favour of real reform.

208. General council assembled at Mantua. Henry is sum-

moned to appear. The convocation and king reject the sum-

mons. Cardinal Pole writes against the king.

209. Surrender of monasteries; distress occasioned thereby.

Some religious houses refounded. Pilgrimage of grace. King's

letter to the bishops.

210. Northern rebellion suppressed. Many executed.

211. The suppression of monasteries hastened by this; a new

visitation appointed; disorders discovered in many of them;

exceptions.

212. Surrenders ; small benefit derived to the crown. Shrines,

&c. destroyed.

213. Bishops' book and king's book.

214. New line of policy adopted by Gardiner. Corporal pre-

sence in the sacrament. Difficulty with regard to the Lu-

theran states. The sacramentaries.

215. Lambert; brought before Cranmer; appeals to the king ;

his trial; the event of it ; he is burnt with very great suf-

fering

216. Proclamation against the marriage of the clergy. Cranmer

screened.

217. The king angry with the protestants because they refused

to grant him all the church property. The Six Articles ;

Cranmer argues against them; the penalties imposed by them

severe.

218. Act for the suppression of monasteries; for the erection

of new bishoprics ; to sanction the king's proclamations.

Cranmer little affected by the law of the Six Articles. Lati-

mer and Shaxton resign their sees. Proclamation for print-

ing the Bible.

219. Henry marries Anne of Cleves. Fall of Cromwell; Cran-

mer speaks for him ; he is condemned by an act of at-

tainder.

220. Cromwell's character.

221. Henry divorced from Anne of Cleves; she resides in Eng-

land. He marries Catharine Howard. Power of the Roman

Catholics. Martyrdom of Barnes. Observation of lord Her-

bert on persecution.

222. Proclamation in favour of the Bible. Execution of the

queen. An attempt to suppress the Bible; the examination

of the translation referred to the universities.

223. Injunctions put forth by bishop Bonner; preaching for-

bidden. Homilies published. Writing sermons. An act of

parliament for and against the reformers as to burning heretics

and reading the Bible; great power granted by it to the king.

“ The Necessary Doctrine” published.

224. Catharine Parr. Persecution at Windsor. Plot against