The Comprador in Nineteenth Century China: Bridge Between East and West

A. F. Heard Shanghai activities Acum Augustine Heard British Butterfield & Swire Canton Cantonese capital Ch'en Ch'ing Cheng Kuan-ying China Chinese comprador Chinese merchants Choping Chung-kuo comprador comprador-merchants economic Edward Cunningham F. B. Forbes F. B. Johnson Shanghai firm's Foochow foreign firms foreign house foreign merchants foreign trade gentry H. G. Bridges Hankow Heard Hong Kong Hong Kong hong merchants Hou-p'ien Hsü Jun investment James Whittall Japan Jardine Jardine's John Heard June Keswick Hong Kong Keswick Shanghai Kiukiang Li Hung-chang Liu Kwang-Ching mai-pan manager Matheson Matheson & Co middleman million taels modern China modern enterprises native banks Nien-p'u opium partner prador role Russell Russell's Shanghai comprador ship silk social Steam Navigation steamship companies Steamship Rivalry T'ang taels Tientsin Tong King-sing Tong Loong-maw Tong's treaty ports upcountry purchase Wang Ching-yü William Keswick William Keswick Hong Wright Yokohama Yü Hsia-ch'ing