Killingworth engine, 290.-" Puffing Billy" at South Kensington,

291.-Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 292.-Chat Moss and San-

key Viaduct, 293.—Stephenson's Rocket Prize Locomotive, 294, 296,

297.-Speed on Railways, 297.-London and Birmingham Railway,

298.-John Steele and the Stephensons-Great Western Railway, and

Box Tunnel, 299.-The Electric Telegraph on Railways, 300.-London

and Greenwich Railway, 302.-The Atmospheric Railway, 302.-

Underground Railway, 303. - First Railway in the United States,

304.-Highest Railway in the world, 305.-Railways in India, 305.—

Railway Bridges of great span, 306.-Great Tubular Bridges, 307.-

Britannia Bridge, 308.-Iron Duke Great Western Locomotive, 309, 310,

311.-Railway Statistics of the last ten years, 311-314.

IRON SHIPS OF WAR, GUNS, AND ARMOUR

315-340.

History of Iron Shipbuilding, 315.-Iron vessels shot-proof, 316.-Iron-

plated Floating Batteries, 316.-Rifled Guns, 316.—La Gloire built,

316.-The Warrior built, 317.-Captain Coles's Cupola-ship, or Turret-

ship, 317.-The Minotaur, 317.-Mr. Reed's Enterprise, 317.-English

and American systems, 318.-Our iron-clad Fleet, 319.-Royal Sovereign

turret-ship, 319.-Progress of Gunnery, 320.-Hercules' armour-plates,

320.-Medusa armour-clad gunboat, and the Bellerophon, 321.-Stu-

pendous American Turret-ship, 322.-An episode from the American

War, 322, 323.—Invention of Gunboats, 323.-Composite Gunboats,

323-Granite forts must be plated as well as Ships, 325.-Granite

Casemates at Shoeburyness, 325.-Isle of Wight Forts, Horse Sand

Fort, 327.-Shot and Shell thrown into Sebastopol by the British Siege

Train, 328.-English wrought-iron Guns, 328.-Materials for Projec-

tiles, 329.-Best form of Shot, 329.-Whitworth and Armstrong Guns,

330.-Krupp and Palliser's Guns, 331.-Results of recent Gunnery

Experiments, 331.-Rifling Guns, 332.-Small Arms Breech-loaders,

333-History of the Needle-gun, 334.-Jacob Snider's Cartridge,

336-Fusil Napoléon, 336.-Chassepot Musket and Steinheil Cannon,

337.-Torpedoes, various, 338.-Land and Self-acting Torpedoes,

339.-Fraser Gun, and the Royal Laboratory, Woolwich, 340.

Poetic predictions of Electrical Power, 341.- Strada's Magnetized

Needles, 341.-Electric Signals in 1731-Electricity passing through

great lengths of conductors, 342.-Telegraph wire beneath the Thames,

342.- Lomond's Electric Telegraph in 1787-Voltaic electricity in

Metallic Bodies, 344.-Ronalds's Electric Telegraph, 1812, 344.-Oer-

sted's discovery of Electro-magnetic Action, 344.-Application of

Oersted's discovery to Telegraphy, 345.-Cooke and Wheatstone's

Telegraphs, 346.-The Telegraph simplified, 347.-Steinheil's Mag-

neto-electric Machine, 347.-Faraday's Electric Spark, 348.-Wheat-

stone's Telegraph, with movement signals, 348.-Telegraph Clocks,

149.-Suspension of the Wires on posts, 350.-Game of Chess by

xiv

Telegraph, 351.-Police-capture by Telegraph, 351. — Lardner and

Leverrier's Experiments, 351.-"The Earth Circuit," 352.-Instruments

by Morse, Hughes, Bonelli, and Ladd, 353.-Caselli and Bakewell's Tele-

graph, 354-Telegraph Printing Instruments, 354-Composing Ma-

chine and transmitting and receiving Apparatus, by Bain, 355.-"Nerves

of London," 355, 357.-Faraday's Magneto-Electric Machine, 356.--

Wheatstone's Telegraph for the Million, 357.-Various Telegraphs,

358.-Morse's Printing Telegraphs, 358.-Speed attained, 359.-Insu

lation of the Atlantic Cables, 359.-Wollaston's Thimble Battery, 360.-

Highton's Miniature Battery, 360.

OCEAN ELECTRO-TELEGRAPHY.--THE ELECTRIC Cables

.

361-389.

Submarine Telegraph and Land Telegraph, 361.-Morse's Sub-aqueous

plan, 361.-Telegraphing across the Atlantic and Pacific, 362.-England

and America "within speaking distance," 363.-Experiment in Folke-

stone harbour, in 1849, 363.-Brett's Printing Telegraphy, 363.—Lake's

Wire covered with Gutta Percha, 364.-Electric Glass Tubes, 364.

Gutta Percha, importance of, 365.-Dover and Calais cable, 365.

Atlantic Cable practicable, 366.-Atlantic Telegraph Company formed,

366.-First attempt failed, 366.-Whitehouse's Experiments, 366, 367.--

Lilliputian Battery and Perpetual Maintenance Battery, 368.-Second

unsuccessful attempt to lay the Cable, 368.-The Cable laid-first

Messages, 369.-Failure, 370.-The Cable of 1865 in the Great Eastern

steam-ship, 370.-Mr. Cyrus Field's co-operation, 371.-Instrument-

room of the Telegraph-house, Valentia, 372.-Manufacture of the Cable

of 1865, 373.-Making the Steel Wires, 373, 374-Sailing of the Great

Eastern, 373.-Breaking of the Cable, 375.-Picking up the Cable,

375, 381.-Return of the Great Eastern, 381.-New Cable and im-

proved Apparatus, 382, 383.-The Cable laid, 384.-Recovery of the

old Cable, 384, 386.-The Great Work completed, 388. - Honours

conferred, 388.-Mr. Russell's "Diary of the Cable," in The Times

389.-The achievement celebrated at the Mansion House, 389.

APPENDIX

391, 392.

The Mont Cenis Summit Railway, 391.-The Electric Telegraph Cable

of 1865, 392..

ENGRAVINGS IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.

FIRST LANDING OF CESAR IN BRITAIN

CHINESE MAGNETIC CHARIOT

TRAVELLERS IN SYRIA.

THE MARINER AND HIS COMPASS

LIGHTHOUSE AND LIFEBOAT

THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE

SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE

EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI .

BAROMETER

GLACIERS OF CHAMOUNI

MONTE ROSA

THERMOMETER

THE INVENTORS OF PRINTING

INVENTORS OF PRINTING AND ANCIENT PRESS

GUTENBERG, FUST, AND SCHOEFFER

STATUE OF GUTENBERG, AT MAYENCE

CAXTON AND WYNKYN DE Worde.

"CAXTON'S HOUSE," AT WESTMINSTER

COMPOSITOR AT WORK

ANCIENT WOODEN PRINTING PRESS

PRINTING BALLS.

PRINTING ROLLER

COWPER'S DOUBLE CYLINDER PRINTING-MACHINE

NAPIER'S PLATTEN MACHINE.

MILTON VISITING GALILEO IN PRISON

RAMAGE'S REFLECTING TELESCOPE .

THE EARL OF ROSSE'S GREAT REFLECTING TELESCOPE, PARSONS-
TOWN.

66

ARRIVAL OF THE "GREAT WESTERN STEAM-SHIP AT NEW YORK

THE GREAT BRITAIN IN DUNDRUM BAY.

CASTING A CYLINDER FOR A MARINE STEAM-ENGINE

SOUTH HETTON COLLIERIES RAILWAY.

266

RECEIVING MESSAGES FROM THE "GREAT EASTERN," IN THE IN-
STRUMENT-ROOM, VALENTIA

372

MAKING THE STEEL WIRES FOR THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH
CABLE OF 1865

375

BREAKING OF THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH CABLE ON BOARD THE 46 GREAT EASTERN"

. 377

Mariner's Compass.

EARLY two thou

sand years have rolled away since

Julius Cæsar first landed from his war-galley on the

English coast. It was on a fine morning in August, just about the time that the Britons were harvesting their corn, when the Roman legions first saw the British war-chariots, with the blades of scythes projecting from the axle-trees of their wheels, as they went thundering along the beach below the cliff between Walmer Castle and Sandwich; and great must have been their astonishment, when the Romans saw from the decks of their galleys the half-naked, long-haired Britons, some of whom were paddling in their coracles, framed of

B