or crimes; and the Utopia of More was a possible and not a visionary scheme.

Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" all should read. It contains this: "Among civilized nations, a great many people do not labor at all, many consume the produce of ten times, frequently a hundred times, more labor than the greater part of those who work."

Rev. Mr. Malthus, in his books "On Population," says: "That if a man chooses to marry without a prospect of support to his family, it is an act which society can not justly take up, prevent, or punish. To the punishment of nature therefore, he should be left. A man who is born into a world already possessed, if he can not get subsistence from his parents, and society do not want his labor, he has no claim or right to the smallest portion of food, and, in fact, has no business to be where he is. At nature's mighty feast there is no vacant cover for him.

She tells him to beorders."

gone, and she will quickly execute her In his "Political Economy," he says: "Statesmen, soldiers, sailors, and those who live off the national debt, contribute powerfully to demand and distribution. They insure that consummation which is necessary to give the proper stimulus to the exertion of industry."

Jeremy Bentham read in a coffee-house this: "The only reasonable and proper object of government is to produce the greatest happiness to the greatest number." Said he: "At the sight of it, I cried out in the greatest ecstasy." He was a lawyer, and became disgusted with law. He spent sixty years at law reforms, in putting an end to the system. His books and pamphlets number fifty. Law to him was the offspring of a barbarous age, the patchwork of fifteen centuries, a huge, shapeless, and bewildering pile. To relieve the tedium of study, he turned wooden bowls, ran in his

The rich, to keep the poor from perishing, feed them, so that they may have servants. The rich, who give to the poor, give often that which they never earned. "Thou shalt not covet other men's goods" is a command which, if observed, would prevent riches. If society possess the banks, roads, railroads, and bridges, and the merchant will tell his neighbor what is the cost of goods, and that association will distribute them at cost, then will scenes like this disappear. Inequalities will always exist while the merchant exists; and in order to attain equality he must be destroyed. Tobacco and drinking habits destroys a tenth of the nation's labor, an amount sufficient to find furnished homes for all Americans who become of age.

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garden for exercise, played on a fiddle. He heated his house by steam, slept in a sack, and thought the common law the perfection of absurdity.

J. Stuart Mill, a political writer, gives us this piece of satire: "The lot of the poor, in all things, should be regulated for them, not by them. They should not be required to think for themselves. It is the duty of the higher class to think for them. This function the higher class should prepare to perform conscientiously, and their whole demeanor should impress the poor with reliance on them. The relation between rich and poor should be only partially authoritative; it should be amiable, moral, sentimental; affectionate tutelage on the one side, respectful, grateful deference on the other. The poor should be called on for nothing, but to do their day's work. Their morality should be provided for them by their superiors.

"The poor have come out of their leading strings, and can not be treated like children any more. I can not conceive how any person can persuade himself that the majority will much longer consent to hew wood and draw water all their lives in the service and for the benefit of others."

Dr. Chalmers, writing on political science, says: "Because of a fertility in the earth, by which it yields a surplus over and above the food of the direct and secondary laborers, that we command the services of a disposable population, who, in return for their maintenance, minister to the proprietors of this surplus all the higher comforts and conveniences of life."

Dr. Paley, in his "Political Philosophy," taught—"That the condition most favorable to population is that of a laborious, frugal people, ministering to the demands of an opulent and luxurious nation; because this situation, whilst it leaves them every advantage of luxury, exempts them from

the evils that naturally accompany its admission into any country."

Blackstone, in his "Commentaries,” declares: "Among the many acts men are daily liable to commit, 160 are punished by death." If any should be hung through mistake, Dr. Paley kindly advises their friends: "To reflect that he who falls by a mistaken sentence may be considered as falling for his country."

Robert Owen believed that the drunkard and thief were victims of circumstances. In his "New Moral World," he maintained that money was an evil, a source of injustice, oppression, and misery to the human race-makes some the slavish producers of wealth, and others wasteful consumers. He believed that "men divided into employed and employers, masters and servants, would cause ignorance and poverty to pervade the world." Owen prepared two memorials for the Congress at Vienna, in 1815, in which were these words "Wealth, privileges, and honors are the playthings of infants." This made some impression on it.

Mary Wollstonecraft, in her "Vindication of the rights of Women," says: "Such combustible material can not long be pent up. Getting vent in foreign wars and civil insurrections, the people acquire some power in the tumult, that obliges their rulers to gloss over their oppressions with a show of right. Agriculture, commerce, and letters expand the mind. Despots are compelled to make covert corruption hold fast the power which was formerly snatched by open force. A baneful gangrene is formed, spread by luxury and superstition, the sure dregs of ambition. The indolent puppet of a court first becomes a luxurious monster or a fastidious sensualist and an instrument of tyranny. It is the pestiferous purple, which renders the progress of civilization a curse, and warps the understanding, till men of sensibility