Co-operative methods. It is a help to a fruit grower if his neighbors grow the same kind of fruit that he grows. One advantage is that everyone in the neighborhood will then know how to do that kind of work. The stores will keep the needed tools and supplies. Full carloads of fruit can be shipped out because neighbors can send their fruit together. Another great advantage is gained when many growers join in the building of packing and storage houses for the use of all.

To secure the advantages derived from co-operation, California fruit-growing is centered in spots to an unusual degree. For instance, nearly all of the plums and prunes, and many of the cherries and pears are grown in the Santa Clara Valley. There is a long belt of orange orchards on the sloping alluvial fans that spread out from the foot of the Sierra, southeast of Lake Tulare. North of Lake Tulare, around Fresno, nearly everyone raises grapes to be shipped fresh to eastern markets, or to be dried as raisins. In 1920, Fresno County alone grew over two pounds of raisins for each person in the United States.

A little farther north, one peach orchard joins another for miles and miles. Along the cool shores of Monterey Bay, the Santa Rosa and the Napa Valleys, there are many orchards of apples and pears, and also many vineyards. Co-operation has helped to make the fruit industry succeed and grow so large.

Working together at harvest time. Fresh fruit that is sent to market is first taken to one of the co-operative packing houses. Through these community enterprises, or associations, thousands of farmers work together as one company or organization. The association buys its supplies wholesale, packs its fruit in uniform packages, sends it in carload lots to distant markets, sells it, and returns the money to the grower. The associations even advertise California fruit in other states, so that people will know about it and buy it.

Harvest is a very busy time for fruit-growers. Fruits, such as apricots, peaches, plums, and grapes are spread on trays and put in the sun to dry. When dried, the fruit is sorted and packed in boxes. Many of the fresh fruits are taken to the canneries to be canned by thousands of women and girls. -From Human Geography, by J. Russel Smith. Courtesy of The John C. Winston Co., Publishers.

HELPS TO STUDY

1: Verify as many facts as possible by using the map.

2. Turn to the text, and read for exact data upon a given point, as, "what gave the fruit industry in California a good start?" or "How did California enter into competition with Europe?" etc.

3. Give three reasons why California is a fresh fruit producing center. Scan the text again to see how many reasons given were right.

Other selections: How We are Fed, CHAMBERLAIN; North America, CARPENTER; Agnese and Her Fruit Stand, KEYES.

LEARNING BY OBSERVATION

There are usually two kinds of children in school—“Eyes and No Eyes." How may they be distinguished?

When we were little and good, a long time ago, we used to have a jolly old book called Evenings at Home, in which was a great story, called "Eyes and No Eyes"; and that story was of more use to me than dozen other stories I ever read.

any

A regular old-fashioned story it is, but a right good one, and thus it begins:

"Well, Robert, where have you been walking this afternoon?" said Mr. Andrews, to one of his pupils, at the close of a holiday. Oh, Robert had been to Broom Heath, and round to Campmount, and home through the meadows. But it was very dull; he hardly saw a single person. He would rather by half have gone by the turnpike road.

"But where is William?"

Oh, William started with him, but he was so tedious, always stopping to look at this thing or that, that Robert would rather walk alone, and so went on.

Presently in comes Master William, dressed, no doubt, as we wretched boys used to be forty years ago, frill collar, and tight monkey-jacket, and tight trousers buttoned over it, a pair of low shoes which always came off if one stepped into heavy ground; and terribly dirty and wet he is, but he never had such a

pleasant walk in his life, and he has brought home a handkerchief full of curiosities.

He has a piece of mistletoe, and wants to know what it is; and has seen a woodpecker and a wheatear, and got strange flowers off the heath, and hunted a peewit, because he thought its wing was broken, until of course it led him into a bog, and wet he got; but he did not mind, for in the bog he fell in with an old man cutting turf, who told him all about turf-cutting; and then he went up a hill, and saw a grand prospect; and, because the place was called Campmount, he looked for a Roman camp, and found the ruins of one; and then he went on and saw twenty things more; and so on, and so on, till he had brought home curiosities enough and thoughts enough to last him a week.

Mr. Andrews, who seems a sensible old gentleman, tells him all about his curiosities; and then it turns out that Master William has been over exactly the same ground as Master Robert, who saw nothing at all.

Whereon, says Mr. Andrews, wisely enough, in his solemn, old-fashioned way: "So it is; one man walks through the world with his eyes open, and another with them shut; and upon this depends all the superiority of knowledge which one acquires over the other.

"While many a vacant, thoughtless person is whirled through Europe without gaining a single idea worth crossing the street for, the observing eye and

inquiring mind find matter of improvement and delight in every ramble. Do you, then, William, continue to make use of your eyes; and you, Robert, learn that eyes were given you to use.

And when I read that story, as a little boy, I said to myself, I will be Mr. Eyes; I will not be Mr. No Eyes; and Mr. Eyes I have tried to be ever since; and Mr. Eyes I advise you, everyone of you, to be, if you wish to be happy and successful.

Ah! boys, if you knew the idle, vacant, useless life which many young men lead when their day's work is done, continually tempted to sin and shame and ruin by their own idleness, while they miss opportunities of making valuable discoveries, of distinguishing themselves and helping themselves forward in life, then you would make it a duty to get a habit of observing, and of having some healthy pursuit with which to fill up your leisure hours.

-Charles Kingsley.

From Madam How and Lady Why.

HELPS TO STUDY

Determine from the story which of the following statements are true and which are false: 1. Robert had gone by the turnpike road. 2. William arrived home first. 3. William had seen a peewit. 4. He had also seen the ruins of a Roman camp. 5. Some one told him about the old curiosities. 6. Robert had been over the same ground. 7. Robert should be called "Sharp Eyes" and William "No Eyes."

Other Selections: Madam How and Lady Why; Nature Study and Life, HODGE; The Story Book of Science, FABRE.