for the neighborhood. The remnants of the fence were removed and flower-beds were set out. At first this did not seem to help matters, for the boys trampled on the grass and pulled up the plants. But the company replanted them and started a club to keep the boys busy. Classes in wood carving, clay modeling, and drawing were held. These proved successful and the company next gave the boys a plot of ground, hired a gardener, and invited them to start gardens. Contests and prizes stimulated interest; the boys soon became too busy to break windows or to uproot the company's flower-beds. In the factory a lunch room, serving good food at cost, took the place of cold lunches brought from home and warmed on radiators; better health and efficiency resulted. A medical bureau, a dental clinic, and visiting nurses, with free medical aid to employees and their families, resulted in excellent health conditions in the factory and in homes. A man with a sick wife at home knew that she was being taken care of, so he could Courtesy The National Cash Register Co. A WOMEN'S REST ROOM WITH COMFORTABLE CHAIRS AND THE LATEST MAGAZINES do efficient work and not worry about her. The latest and best systems of lighting and ventilation were installed in the factory buildings; rest rooms were furnished and a system of tenminute rest periods was established. The company started a school in which young employees were taught to become more efficient workers, and to prepare for advancement to more responsible positions. The company even provided employees with a large country club with a golf course, tennis courts, and all sorts of facilities for games and picnics. The result is that this company has never had a strike. The district of Slidertown is now a community of comfortable homes instead of un sanitary, tumble down shacks. Real estate values there have advanced 800 per cent. Profit Sharing. Profit sharing is another plan to make employees more contented and efficient. In addition to the regular wages paid employees, an extra sum is given them at Courtesy of National Cash Register Co. DENTAL CLINIC IN A MODERN FACTORY This factory carefully watches over the health of its employees. regular intervals. This is sometimes a fixed sum of money, WASHROOMS LIKE THE ABOVE ARE ON EACH FLOOR OF THE BUILDINGS called a bonus, some times an amount based on a certain percentage of pay, and sometimes stock shares in the company. Recently the International Harvester Company has set aside $60,000,000 of its stock for distribution among its forty thousand employees in yearly blocks. At the end of eight or ten years the employees will have all these shares, amounting to twenty per cent. of the stock of the corporation. The United States Steel Corporation has had since 1903 a plan of selling shares of stock to employees on a partial payment basis, and the company guarantees the holders of this stock a minimum dividend of five dollars on each share. Profit sharing Giving Employes a Share in Management. schemes have not brought all the results that were claimed for them at first. They have not always served to avert strikes, and Courtesy, The National Cash Register Co. A DUST COLLECTING ROOM IN A MODERN FACTORY Nine barrels a week are collected here by an exhaust system. This great pile of dust would otherwise pollute the air and fill the lungs of the workers. the wage-earner seems to In one corporation the plan is modeled after the United States Constitution. The corporation has a cabinet composed of its executives, a senate composed of the foremen, and a house of representatives elected by the whole body of workmen. During working hours weekly meetings are held by the senate and house, in which wages, holidays, hours of work, quantity and quality of production, and other company matters are discussed. When the cost of production is cut, or other expenses saved, the corporation and the workers share the benefits equally. 6. IMMIGRATION During A great many of our workers, particularly unskilled laborers, come to us as immigrants from other countries. the Civil War and in the fifteen years immediately following, more than five million immigrants came into the United States. This was a period of rapid industrial development. All these laborers easily found work in our newly organized iron and steel industries, in our factories, and in the building of our railroads. Nine-tenths of our immigrants at this time came from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Canada. These newcomers were generally thrifty and quick to learn. Because the customs and institutions of northern Europe are similar to our own, these immigrants were easily assimilated by the native population. Public opinion favored immigration then, and Congress passed laws encouraging it. During the thirty-five years just preceding the World War, however, the character of our immigration changed. We began to draw people largely from central and southern Europe. These people came to us with a lower standard of living. In the "old country" they had lived in squalid surroundings, eaten inferior food, and used a small amount of clothing. When they arrived in the new world they tended to concentrate in the industrial centres and the great cities, for there they found friends and countrymen who spoke their language, and more opportunity for employment. This new type of immigrant was more often city-born, too, therefore he felt more at home in city surroundings than in rural districts. The presence of these newcomers tended to lower social and industrial standards in this country. Since the immigrant is contented to live in congested unsanitary houses, eat poor food, and work for low wages, he can undersell, and hence throw out of work the native born laborer, who is unwilling to lower his standard of living. Because of these facts public opinion is beginning to favor restriction upon immigration. The Control of Immigration. Only the federal government has the right to control immigration. Three states, New York, Massachusetts and California, passed laws regulating immigration into their territories, but in 1876 these state laws were declared unconstitutional. The first restrictive federal legislation was passed by Congress in 1882, limiting Chinese immigration for ten years. In 1884 this restriction was made absolute. In 1882 Congress also passed a law forbidding Here recently naturalized citizens are instructed in American institutions and customs. the admission of idiots, lunatics, convicts, anarchists and all persons apt to become a public charge. All such undesirables must be returned at the expense of the steamship company which brings them. In 1917 an educational restriction law was passed excluding, with certain reservations, all aliens over sixteen who cannot read the English language or some other language or dialect. In 1921 Congress passed a temporary measure limiting the number of aliens admissible to three per cent. of the number of the particular nationality resident in the United States, as shown by the 1910 census. The Commissioner General of Immigration, with the approval of the Secretary of Labor, is the officer in charge of the |