of excess condemnation, the city is empowered to condemn the territory surrounding an improvement, replan the streets, and sell it back at a profit. For some permanent improvements the city issues long-term bonds, and borrows the money to pay for the work. This means that the cost is shifted to future generations of citizens, who will also enjoy the benefits of the improvements.

10. How CITIZENS CAN HELP

It should be the pleasure as well as the duty of every good citizen to know the history of the growth and development of his city, and to maintain an active and intelligent interest in its present and future. The city is your home, and your comfort and welfare depend to a great degree on how well it is planned and managed. You can help your city planning commission by intelligent interest in what they are trying to do. Every one of us is a national patriot, of course. Why should we not develop local patriotism, too?

TOPICS FOR REPORTS AND DEBATES

1. The Real Estate Man and the City Plan.

2. The Best Type of Plan for our City-"Spider-web" or "Checkerboard."

3. Some "Waste" Land that might be made into Parks.

4. Why Playgrounds Pay.

5. A Section of our City that should Have Been Planned.

6. How a New Section of our City May be Planned.

RESOLVED: That our town should be districted into residence, business and manufacturing zones.

RESOLVED: That four more parks are needed in our community.

QUESTIONS

1. What districts in your city were not planned?

2. Why should cities be planned?

3. Has your city a plan for future development? Can you tell what it comprises?

4. What city officials are in charge of planning for your city's future?

5. What is being done to improve conditions in the older districts in your city?

6. How can your city's future growth be gauged? What are its probable future boundaries?

7. Under what conditions can a garage be built and operated in a residence district in your community? A factory? A shop or store? 8. Should factories be grouped in one district or in several? Explain.

9. What is one of the best ways to induce factory workers to move away from congested districts?

10. What are the dimensions of an average lot in your city? Are there rear alleys in any of the blocks, with dwellings?

11. What are the boundaries of your civic centre? What important buildings are included?

12. How does a park pay for itself?

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

1. Report of your city plan commission.

2. "The National Municipal Review." Each year this magazine publishes an article reporting the progress of city planning in the United States.

3. "The Development and Present Status of City Planning in New York City, 1914." Published by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment's Committee on City Planning, Municipal Building, New York, N. Y.

4. "The North End. A.Survey and a Comprehensive Plan.” Report of the City Planning Board, Boston, Mass.

5. "St. Louis After the War," with an introduction by Winston Churchill. Published by the City Plan Commission, St. Louis, Mo.

6. "What of the City?" by Walter D. Moody. Published in 1919 by A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, Ill.

7. "Town Planning," a program of civic preparedness for Vermont communities, by K. R. B. Flint. Published in 1919 by Norwich University, Vermont. 8. "The Improvement of Towns and Cities," by Charles Mulford Robinson. 9. "The Planning of the Modern City," by Nelson P. Lewis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, 1916.

10. "Zoning as an Element of City Planning and for Protection of Property Values, Public Safety and Public Health," by Lawson Purdy, Harland Bartholomew, Edward M. Bassett, Andrew Wright Crawford, Herbert S. Swan. Published by the American Civic Association, Washington, D. C., 1920.

11 “The Garden City”: A Story of the Development of a Modern Town, by C. B. Purdom.

12. "The Relation of Land Values and Town Planning," by Raymond Unwin, 1914.

13. "New Ideals in the Planning of Cities, Towns and Villages," by John Nolen. Published by the American City Bureau, Tribune Bldg., New York City, 1921. ($1.00.)

14. "Representative Cities of the United States," by C. W. Hotchkiss. 15. 'Modern City Planning and Maintenance," by Frank Koester.

16. "Replanning Small Cities," by John Nolen.

17. "Town Planning in Practice," by Raymond Unwin.

18. Proceedings of National Conferences on City Planning.

19. "Daniel H. Burnham, Architect, Planner of Cities," by Charles Moore. Published in 1921 by Houghton Mifflin Co. ($20.)

CHAPTER XIII

CIVIC BEAUTY

INTRODUCTORY LESSON PLAN

How can your school building and its surroundings be made more attractive?

a. Are there plants and flowers in your school room? Are there attractive pictures on the walls? What other pleasing features are there in the room? How does your room compare with the others in the building?

b. What are some conditions that detract from the appearance of the room? Of the building?

c. Do you think you can do better work in an attractive school room than in an ugly, dingy one? Why?

d. Study the possibilities of your school room and make any suggestions you can think of as to how it might be made a pleasanter place in which to work.

e. Apply the same methods to the school building and to the school grounds.

1. EVERY ONE APPRECIATES PLEASANT SURROUNDINGS Not one of us really likes to be in ugly, sordid surroundings. A dingy, ill-kept room into which the sunlight never penetrates is a depressing and unpleasant place. We are all better, happier, and more cheerful in a home where the sun comes in and lights up clean walls and floors, touches a good picture or two, lingers on well-kept, comfortable furniture and a blooming, colorful window-box.

It is the same with our surroundings at school. A bright, cheerful school room, with well-swept, unlittered floors, clean, shining desks, and attractive looking pictures and maps on the walls somehow makes us do better work than we could possibly accomplish in a dingy, littered room, with dusty desks and floors.

Exactly the same thing is true of our city. Nobody can be very proud of an ugly city with dingy, smoke-blackened build

ings and narrow, crooked streets through which traffic struggles with much din of clanging trolley bells, raucous motor horns, and shouts of street vendors. The visitor finds little to admire in such a city, and its citizens are not likely to be filled with civic pride.

Our cities have been brought to realize that civic beauty is a paying investment. It pays in order, cleanliness, contentment, and good health of citizens. It attracts and holds visitors. It stimulates civic ambition, and it promotes prosperous growth and development.

2. CIVIC BEAUTY MUST BE PLANNED

In the last chapter we have seen the importance of having a good city plan, with provision for comfort and convenience.

A LOST OPPORTUNITY

This community has not made use of a natural park site, its river banks.

The planless city is usually the ugly city just as surely as it is the inconvenient city. Or at best such a community is beautiful only in isolated spots, and not as a co-ordinated whole.

Possibilities of Beauty in the Water-Front. The city that is so fortunate as to possess a large water-front has a great oppor

tunity to create a beautiful and pleasing impression for visitors, as well as to develop a natural park site for the enjoyment of citizens. Unfortunately many of our cities have not appreciated the possibilities of their water-fronts before industries have established themselves there. It is undoubtedly true that the whole of a city's water-front cannot be used for parks, boulevards and playgrounds, because the opportunities it affords for easy transportation by water make it essential to many industries on which the livelihood of citizens depends. But surely not all of this territory is needed for industry; some of it may be preserved and beautified in parkways and boulevards.

The water approach to some of our great cities is very beautiful. Those who have first seen New York from the upper bay can never forget "its tall buildings clustered like a forest of silver birches, gleaming in the brilliant light and marking the town with unmistakable personality." But after the first impression, comes one not so good, as we reach the miles of docks and flimsy pier-sheds that mar the shore line of the lower part of the island. New York redeems herself, though, in the beautiful stretch of Riverside Park and Drive beyond, where a great boulevard extends for a long distance along the river bank. The Back Bay section of Boston, Summit Avenue in St. Paul, on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi, Duluth's Boulevard skirting Lake Superior, and the lovely drives along the Schuylkill and Wissahickon rivers in Philadelphia are a source of pleasure to visitors and citizens alike. The resulting spiritual and æsthetic loss, had these beautiful districts been left to factories and business buildings, would have been incalculable.

Bridges are an important part of the water-front scene. Stone pillars and long horizontal reaches, instead of perpendicular towers, make the most beautiful effects. Symmetry in the number and size of the spans on both sides of the centre is important. A bridge is a permanent investment; nothing in the city should be built with greater care or with more consideration for artistic result.