7. "Health Insurance," by B. S. Warren and Edgar Sydenstricker. Public Health Bulletin No. 76, 1916. 8. "Interstate Quarantine Regulations of the United States." Miscellaneous Publications No. 1. United States Public Health Service, 1916. 9. "Save the Youngest." Bureau Publication No. 61. Children's Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor. 66 10. How Infectious Diseases are Spread." Published by the Bureau of Public Health Education of the Department of Health, City of New York. Public Health Leaflet No. 10. 11. "Summer Health and Play School." Published by the Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior. 12. "Free Municipal Clinics for School Children," by J. H. Berkowitz. Published by the Department of Health of the City of New York. Reprint Series No. 41, Feb., 1916. 13. "The Malaria Problem of the South." Reprint No. 552. Public Health Reports. Published by the U. S. Public Health Service, 1919. 14. "Exterminating the Mosquito," by C. Chester Painter. The American City, March, 1920. 15. "Team Work in Public Health," by G. L. Vincent. 16. Publications of the Child Health Organization, New York City. 17. "Public Health Administration in the State of Washington," by Carrol Fox. Published by the U. S. Public Health Service, 1915. 18. "The Fly," by George W. Simons, Jr. 19. "Civics and Health," by William H. Allen. 20. "A Story of the Red Cross," by Clara H. Barton. 21. "The Health of the City," by H. Godfrey. 22. "The United States Public Health Service," by J. W. Trask. Published by the U. S. Bureau of Education (15c.). 23. "How the City Cares for Health," by F. D. Bramhall. Published by the U. S. Bureau of Education (15c.). 24. The Modern City and Its Problems," by Frederic C. Howe. 25. A Half Century of Public Health," edited by Mazyck P. Ravenel, M. D. Published by the American Public Health Association, 1921. 26. "The Community Health Problem," by A. C. Burnham. 27. " Community Hygiene," by Woods Hutchinson. 28. "Uncle Sam's Guides to Health. A Selected List of Popular Health Leaflets published by the United States Public Health Service." Miscellaneous Publication 20. CHAPTER II PROTECTING THE FOOD SUPPLY OF THE COMMUNITY INTRODUCTORY LESSON PLAN Visit your grocer, your butcher, your bakery, and any other shop from which your food is purchased. a. Make a note of your general impression of each shop. b. Are foodstuffs exposed to flies and dirt, or protected by coverings of netting or of glass? c. Do clerks wear white suits or aprons? If so are these garments clean? d. Are the clerks careful to use paper in handling food so that it is not brought in direct contact with the counter or with dirty scales? e. Has any one of these shops a license from the local authorities? If so ask to see the license and make a note of what it says. f. Is the floor of the shop littered with dirt or papers? When it is swept is care taken that no dust is raised? g. Do you feel sure that the food you buy from each shop is pure and wholesome so far as conditions in the shop can make it so? 1. YOUR DIET AND YOUR GREAT-GRANDFATHER'S What an abundance of different kinds of food you can have to-day, limited only by your ability to pay for them! How your great-grandfather would marvel to see on his table fresh green vegetables in February, with zero weather outside. Alligator pears, grapefruit, even oranges, would seem strange food to him at any time of the year. The variety in your winter diet would cause him to open his eyes very wide, for he was accustomed to home-smoked hams and bacon, and dried beef. He could not go to the corner store and order a “roast" or a" steak,' as you can. There were many days in winter when eggs were not to be had, for even hens have a habit of going on strike at times, and in your great-grandfather's day there was no cold storage plant to take care of the surplus eggs when the fowls were good natured, and to keep them wholesome until the days when scarcity occurred. You would make his eyes open still wider if you could conduct him to the railroad terminal, or to the docks, where the product of farms, orchards, and plantations located all over the world is unloaded from trains and ships, then loaded again on great motor trucks to be distributed among the markets, and eventually to the retail food store from which you buy. You might show him the cold storage warehouses where perishable food such as eggs, butter, and fresh meat, can be preserved for weeks and months before it comes to your table. You could explain to him how your local, state, and federal laws protect you from spoiled food, or even short weight. For the modern community realizes that a pure food is one of the first essentials in maintaining good health, and we are safeguarded in every way against the danger of a contaminated food supply. 2. WHY DIET IS IMPORTANT From the time he is born the health of each individual depends to a very great extent on his diet. The human body needs food for two purposes. First, it must have the strength-giving foods that will enable it to do its work. These are often called the fuel foods. They are bread, rice, potatoes, corn, sugar, flour, butter, fat, etc. Second, the body needs tissue-building foods that enable it to rebuild its organs, muscles, bones, and nerves. These building foods are such things as eggs, milk, and meat. Some individuals are under-nourished. That is, they are not getting enough of the two classes of food to enable them to do their daily work and to rebuild the body tissues that need constant replenishing. If long continued, under-nourishment makes a person less able to fight off disease. Throughout the United States, but particularly in the cities, there are great numbers of individuals suffering from under nourishment. Among them are thousands of children. In order to preserve the health of these future citizens, many cities have PURE FOOD IS NECESSARY TO HEALTH Growing children need plenty of good food. These school children are buying cakes and sandwiches exposed to flies and dirt. Illness may result from eating this kind of school lunch. been serving lunches for a few pennies to the children in the public schools. Children are taught to spend their pennies for nourishing food rather than for the unwholesome candy sold by push-cart venders. Philadelphia has a very efficient system of supplying school lunches, which is entirely self-supporting. Other people may have quite enough to eat, and yet fall ill through eating food that is impure, or contaminated. A far mer who raises the bulk of his food supply has its purity in his own hands from the time it is harvested until it is cooked and served at his table. But the city man is entirely dependent on other people for his food supply. Food is produced in the country, not in the city. A city man buys his food in stores and markets, after it has passed through many hands. He has no way of knowing that this food is fit to eat; for even though it is free from all unpleasant appearance or odor it may be dangerous. Meat that is apparently all right may produce ptomaine poison ing. Milk may look and taste good, yet carry tuberculosis and typhoid germs. For the purity of his food supply the city man must depend on the watchful care of his local, state, and national officials, who guard his food from its source to the city markets. 3. GOOD FOOD MUST NOT BE TOO COSTLY In order to promote health, all citizens should have pure, wholesome food. Two other factors also influence the community's food problem, the cost of handling the food after it reaches the city, and the supervision of the weights and measures used by the dealers and merchants who sell food. When certain articles of food increase in price a number of people cannot afford to buy them, and they must therefore get along without them. Some foods are absolutely necessary to a healthful diet. Among them are good bread and good milk. To have the price of these foods raised beyond the reach of the poorest citizen would result in starvation. Not only that, a variety of foods is necessary to keep people in a healthy condition. A recent investigation by the New York Department of |