under the designation of carelessness due to the zeal in work or to lack of forethought or failing to keep in mind the danger of the operations, etc.; in general these accidents are not of great importance, the more serious cases being included in the other classes under "acts contrary to rules, regulations, etc.;" second," failure to use safety appliances or removal of same" includes instances where the workman has either not used the prescribed apparatus or has not used it in the prescribed manner or has (contrary to regulations) entirely removed it; third, "acts contrary to rules, regulations, etc.," includes cases where the workman consciously disobeys existing rules for the prevention of the accident, rules established by law or official regulations, or rules established by the employer or his representative; fourth, "horseplay, mischief, intoxication, etc.," includes those acts usually understood by these terms; fifth, "unsuitable clothing" includes accidents due to wearing of loose overalls, fluttering aprons, neckcloths, ribbons, unsuitable footgear, having the hair arranged in high coiffures, etc.

The third group includes accidents due to the fault of the employer and of the workman at the same time and includes cases where accidents would have been included in those due to some of the causes already mentioned.

The fourth group includes accidents caused by fellow workmen or by a third party, but not including the employer.

The fifth group includes accidents in which no one was at fault; it especially includes accidents due to the general hazard of the industry, such as in case where, according to the present development of protective appliances and by the use of all reasonable supervision, the accident still occurs.

The last group includes accidents due to "other causes" and refers especially to cases where the accident has been caused by an act of God, such as lightning, sudden storm, etc., or due to other unforeseen occurrences or to the workman suddenly becoming ill and the like.

The distribution of the total number of accidents among the various causes shows that 12.06 per cent were due to the fault of the employer, 41.26 per cent to the fault of the workman, and 37.65 per cent to the general hazard of the industry. The most interesting fact presented by the table is the showing that the proportion due to the fault of the employer has decreased; that the proportion due to the general hazard of the industry has also decreased; and that the proportion due to the fault of the workman has increased in 1907 as compared with 1897. The report states that this change in the proportion is due to the introduction of preventive measures, safety appliances, etc.; this is shown especially in the columns marked "defective apparatus, arrangements, etc.," and "the absence of or defective safety appliances." In the accidents due to the fault of the employer, where, in connection with motors, transmission apparatus, working machinery,

elevators, and steam boilers, a marked improvement has occurred. In the accidents due to the fault of the workman 28.96 per cent were caused by lack of skill, inattention, or carelessness, this being the highest percentage in any cause save general hazard of the industry; in 1897 this group included 20.85 per cent of the total number of accidents and its increase to 28.96 per cent is responsible for the principal part of the increase in the percentage of accidents due to the fault of the workman. In distributing the accidents among the apparatus, etc., causing the injury, there are a few cases where the fault of the workman is conspicuous; thus of the accidents caused by motors, engines, etc., 69.94 per cent were due to the fault of the workman; of the accidents caused by transmission apparatus, 67.54 per cent were due to the fault of the workman; of the accidents caused by the operation of railways, 57.79 per cent were due to the fault of the workman. The report calls special attention to the fact that in discussing accidents due to the fault of the workman emphasis must be placed on the fact that in very few cases could a serious fault or gross negligence be charged against the workman; by far the greatest number of accidents due to the workman's fault were caused by awkwardness, slight carelessness, and lack of caution, which are due to a greater or less degree to the natural weakness of ordinary human beings and in many cases should rather be considered as unavoidable. Of the accidents due to the fault of the employer the highest proportion is found among those caused by steam boilers, etc., in which 32.89 per cent were credited to the fault of the employer; of the accidents due to collapse, fall, etc., of substances, 21.58 per cent were due to the fault of the employer.

The report also urges that in developing systems of preventive measures attention should be paid to the fact that no human being can be expected to continually keep in mind the fact that certain dangers are present in his occupation. Of the accidents due to the general hazard of the industry, the cause showing the highest proportion was that of animals (bite, kick, push, etc.), where 89.15 per cent originated in this manner; loading, unloading, etc., had 52.10 per cent; inflammable, hot, or corrosive substances had 50.51 per cent; shipping and water transportation had 50.06 per cent, while the lowest proportion was shown by transmission apparatus, which had 7.06 per cent due to this cause. In 9 of the 17 classes of causes of injuries there is a decrease in the proportion due to the hazard of industry, while in 7 of the others there is an increase in the proportion, and 1 was not reported in 1897; in some cases this increase is quite marked, as, for instance, steam boilers had but 16.03 per cent in 1897 and 30.20 per cent in 1907 due to the general hazard of the industry. Many of these instances have also a sharp decrease in the proportion of accidents due to the fault of the employer; thus accidents caused by steam boilers, etc., had 64.89 per cent due to the fault of the employer in 1897 and 32.89 per cent in 1907.

TABLE 12.-FAULT OF THE EMPLOYER, OF THE WORKMEN, ETC.: PER CENT OF ACCI OF INJURY,

DENTS DUE TO Fault of EMPLOYER, OF WORKMAN, ETC., CLASSIFIED BY CAUSES

1907 AND 1897.

I Beiheft, II Teil. Gewerbe-Unfallstatistik für das Jahr 1907, pp. 384, 385.]

RESULT OF THE INJURIES.

Table 13 shows the result of the injury, or rather the condition of the injured person, expressed in terms of loss of earning power. To bring out the condition of the injured person in the years immediately following the granting of the pension the table shows what his loss of earning power is during the first, the second, the third, and the fourth year after the granting of the pension.

In the total for all industrial accident associations (not including institutes), 65,205 injured persons were given pensions for industrial accidents in 1904; during the year 1905, 7.63 per cent had died as the result of the accident, and in the year 1908 this proportion had increased to 8.06 per cent.

Of the 65,205 injured persons given pensions in 1904, 0.93 per cent were rated as sustaining total permanent disability in 1905, and in 1908 this proportion had been reduced to 0.81 per cent.

Of the 65,205 injured persons granted pensions in 1904, 44.27 per cent were rated as having sustained an injury causing partial permanent disability in 1905, and in 1908 this proportion had been reduced to 37.40 per cent. Of the pensioners composing this 37.40 per cent, 24.17 per cent had sustained a loss of earning power of under 25 per cent, 9.27 per cent had sustained a loss of earning power of 25 to 50 per cent, 3.01 per cent a loss of earning power of 50 to 75 per cent, and 0.95 per cent a loss of earning power of 75 to 100 per cent; in each case there is a decrease in the proportion of those sustaining the various degrees of loss of earning power during the four years 1905 to 1908.

Of the 65,205 injured persons who were granted pensions in 1904, 47.17 per cent were rated in 1905 as having sustained temporary disability, and in 1908 this proportion had been increased to 53.73 per cent; in 1905, 22.59 per cent were no longer disabled and in 1908 44.37 per cent were no longer disabled; in 1905, 19.67 per cent had sustained a loss of earning power of less than 25 per cent and in 1908, 8.15 per cent had sustained this loss of earning power; in 1905, 3.93 per cent were rated as having sustained a loss of earning power of 25 to 50 per cent, and in 1908 this proportion had been reduced to 0.98 per cent; in 1905, 0.50 per cent were rated as having sustained a loss. of earning power of 50 to 75 per cent, and in 1908 this proportion had been reduced to 0.12 per cent; in 1905, 0.48 per cent were rated as having sustained a loss of earning power of 75 to 100 per cent, and in 1908 this had been reduced to 0.11 per cent. Approximately 44 per cent of the persons granted pensions in 1904 had therefore entirely recovered at the end of the year 1908.

A comparison of the improvement in the character of the disability sustained by the pensioners of 1896 with the pensioners of 1904 shows