above the water until the wind or the bees have carried the pollen; the spring of each stalk then gives way, and draws the flower down again, for the seed to be ripened under water. W. I wonder how they know when it is time to go down? Ion. And so do I. P. Plants cannot know. There is a God who knows and arranges all things; God arranges this for them. There are other water-plants which rise by means of bladders. W. We shall not have time to write our "lesson" on the flowers to-day; but I would like to make the notes on the stamens and pistil. 1. The STAMENS are parts of the flowers, formed from the petals of the corolla. They are placed between the corolla and the pistil, each consisting of a stalk and a head. 2. The stalk of a stamen is called the filament, and the head the anther. The anther contains yellow grains, called pollen, in which are minute granules called germs. 3. Stamens differ in their number. Some plants have no stamens ; those which have stamens are called "staminiferous." L. Now I will make the notes on the pistil. 1. The pistil is the centre of the flower; it contains three parts-a base, a stalk, and a head. 2. The base is called the ovary, and contains imperfect seeds, called ovules. The stalk is called the style, and the head the stigma. The stigma receives the pollen from the stamens, which is passed down the style to the ovary, where it perfects the seeds. 3. Plants bearing pistils are called "pistilliferous" plants. THY WILL BE DONE. How sweet, to be allow'd to pray We in these sacred words can find A calm to soothe the troubled mind, And bid all care be still. Oh, let that will, which gave me breath, And an immortal soul, In joy or grief, in life or death, My every wish control. Oh, could my heart thus ever pray, Teach me, O God, with truth to say, THE TUDORS. MARY. Again; in this, the first year of Mary's reign, an act was passed prohibiting the breaking of images; and a council of clergy proclaimed once more that the doctrine of transubstantiation was true. SOON after the rebellion of by act of Parliament. Now it Wyatt, and the execution of was again removed by act of Lady Jane Grey, Mary was Parliament. married to King Philip of Spain. No sooner did Philip find that he was not acknowledged as King of England, than he showed that he had no affection for his wife. He passed most of his time in the Netherlands, taking no notice whatever of Mary, except to write to her whenever he wanted You may remember that in Edward's reign the priests were allowed to marry; but in the year 1554 the queen gave orders that the church should be purged of all married bishops and priests. Out of 16,000 clergymen then in England the greater part were turned out of office for having wives. In the year 1555 the dreadful religious persecutions of Mary's Mary began by ordering that no person should preach without her special licence. Most of the foreigners who were re-reign were begun. So much formers soon after left the king- cruelty was practised that the dom. In the same year two queen received the name of bishops were sent to the Tower Bloody Mary. In the reign of for not kneeling at the public Edward VI. Bonner, Bishop of mass, which was celebrated with London, and Gardiner, Bishop all pomp and ceremony before of Winchester, were committed the two Houses of Parliament. to the Tower for resisting the The Archbishop of York was Reformation. They were now at sent to the Tower, the Protest- liberty, and, aided by the queen, ant bishops were excluded from they took vengeance without the House of Lords, and an act interruption. The queen herwas passed abolishing the self had been persecuted in the liturgy which, I told you, Cran- reign of Edward VI., for she mer and the bishops had pre- had been forbidden to hold pared in Edward's reign. When mass in her chapel. this liturgy was first published it The first important martyr was said to have been written was a clergyman belonging to by the inspiration of the the great cathedral of St. Paul's. Holy Spirit, but, at the same His name was John Rogers. time, it was forced on the people | He would not profess to believe in doctrines which he knew were The next martyr was Hooper, the Bishop of Gloucester. He died praying to God, and teaching the people around him. With his last breath he thanked God for helping him to speak the truth, and keep his commandments. 1. MARY was the daughter of Henry VIII., by his first wife, Catherine of Arragon. At the beginning of her reign the Duke of Northumberland attempted to The Bishops Latimer and Ridley were next burned at Oxford; to shorten their suf-place Lady Jane Grey on the ferings bags of gunpowder were throne in her stead, but failed. placed round their necks. 2. The principal events of The celebrated Archbishop Mary's reign are-her cruel exeCranmer, whom you heard of cution of Lady Jane Grey; the in the reign of Henry VIII., rebellion of Wyatt; her marriage was the last great martyr. He with Philip of Spain; her attempt died in great agonies, but trust- to restore the Catholic religion; ing in God. The death of so and the cruel persecutions, in venerable a man as Cranmer, which she was assisted by two who was so well known, and bishops, named Bonner and had so long served his country, Gardiner. The Protestant clergyfilled the nation with horror. man, Rogers, and the Bishops The people were certainly not Hooper, Ridley, Latimer, and likely to be brought back to the Archbishop Cranmer were amongst Roman Catholic religion by the principal martyrs, who numsuch means. There were alto-bered altogether nearly 300. gether nearly 300 persons 3. The loss of CALAIS, which burned in this dreadful reign, had belonged to the English for including five bishops, and 200 years, was another event of twenty-one clergymen. this reign. Mary died in the To please her husband Philip, | next year, 1558. ETYMOLOGY. CHAPTER III. ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRONOUNS. P. LET me try whether you | word which means "the book," have remembered our first as you say; only it does not lesson on the Pronouns. What is a pronoun? L. A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun. P. We had a second lesson on pronouns; on their person, gender, and case. W. Yes. We learned that their person, gender, and case are formed in the same way as in nouns. P. To-day we will learn of the different sorts of pronouns. I will repeat some sentences to you. Will you listen, and tell me whether they contain any words which are like pronouns? The book which John lost is found. This is the house that Jack built. Here comes the man who has a wooden leg. The man and horse that we saw yesterday. The sheep which graze in our meadow. Ion is the boy whom I like best. Now, in these sentences there are certain words which were not mentioned in our lesson on stand instead of it. It merely relates to the book, if you can understand what I mean. W. Yes, I think that is very easy. In the next sentence, "This is the house that Jack built," that, relates to the word house before it. L. And in the next sentence, "The man who has," &c., who relates to the man. And in the next, "The man and horse that we saw," that relates to the man and horse. P. As you see that these words relate to the nouns before them, you may easily learn their names. They are called "relative pronouns." Ion. The relative pronouns seem to be very dependent indeed; they cannot be used without the nouns which they relate to. P. Yes. Each of the relatives mentioned has a word before it. This word is called its antecedent. It is so called from two Latin words, which mean "going before." Every relative pronoun re personal pronouns, yet they are quires an antecedent, except one. like pronouns. L. Which is that, papa? P. You may easily find out. Tell me the relative and ante"cedent in this sentence. lon. Yes. In the first sentence there is the word "which"; it means "the book," only it is not used instead of it, for the word book is just before it. And you could not say "the book book John lost." P. No, you could not. The This is the thing which I have been looking for. Ion. Thing is the antecedent, and which is the relative pronoun. P. Sometimes we say "what," instead of "the thing which." Thus: were used, it would not agree with the antecedent, "horse"; and which would not agree with the antecedent, "man"; "This is what I have been looking for." W. What is the relative intherefore we ase the relative that sentence, but I do not see that. You will notice, too, in the PARSING EXERCISE, that the word that is used after either persons or things. any antecedent. P. No. What is the antecedent and the relative also; it stands for the noun thing, and for which. "What" is the only relative pronoun that can be used alone, unless you use one of the compound relatives. L. Which are the "compound relatives," papa? W. Have relative pronouns different cases, papa, as the personal pronouns have? P. Yes. If an action is done to the antecedent, so that it is put in the objective case, the relative must be in the objective also. Thus, you must not say, "The man who we love;" but P. Certain words formed by adding ever, and soever, to the relatives. Thus, whatever, which-"The man whom we love." Who ever; whatsoever, whichsoever; these are often used without an antecedent. Ion. I will count up the relative pronouns we have noticed; which, that, who, and what, and their compounds, made by adding ever, or soever. When are we to use which, and when are we to use who? P. Who is used (as you will see in the example) after a person. Which only relates to things and to the lower animals. But in some sentences there may be two antecedents. In the following sentence one antecedent is a person, and another an animal. The man and his horse that we saw yesterday. If the relative pronoun who also has a possessive case, thus→ "The man whose horse we saw." You may now write the particulars of the relative pronouns. DEFINITION.-There are certain pronouns which are not used instead of a noun, but are placed after it, because they relate to it, such as who, which, what, that, &c. They are called RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The noun to which the relative is joined is called its antecedent. Who is used after a person; which is used after a thing or inferior animal; and that is used after both persons and things, or either. What is both an antecedent and relative. EXAMPLES.-The boy who won butcher killed. The girl whose the prize. The pig which the mother is ill. The nobleman whom we respect. No. 20. PARSING EXERCISE. I have bought the horse which won the race. The man who came to mend the copper which burst yesterday has called again. I saw the lady and her lapdog that he painted yesterday. Is this the soldier whom you saw? Where are the sheep that were lost? Here are the horses which were bought at market. |