will suffice for the understanding of the subsequent chapters on dream analysis." But he adds, immediately afterwards, "the symbols by means of which the unconscious expresses itself in a dream are not to be regarded as quite comparable to the 'symbols' referred to in the earlier part of this chapter. These latter, indeed, would not be regarded as symbols at all by orthodox Freudians...." We can hardly believe that "a clearer presentation of essentials is gained, by a certain amount of latitude in the use of the word in this chapter."

In speaking of repression and mental mechanisms Dr Yellowlees makes a curious use of the word 'physiological.' Any tendency which exists to a certain degree in everyone, he says, "to that extent is to be regarded as normal and physiological." Apparently these two words are used as synonyms. Hence we get the surprising statement that Phantasy is a "mechanism which may be called physiological to a great extent, in that it is a refuge from hard fact which is sought at some time or other by everyone." In a psychological text-book this seems an unfortunate use of the term physiological. In speaking of repression it would be correctly used if the author were referring to such processes as those described by Rivers when he wrote of the 'suppression' of protopathic sensibility or of the mass-reflex. In medical psychology we expect the opposition: physiological-psychological, not physiological-pathological.

In treating of the Methods of Psychotherapy and of its scope in general practice, Dr Yellowlees very properly devotes a considerable amount of space to the various forms of suggestion; and the novice may be surprised to find how little bearing the section on 'Principles' has on the 'Methods' described. The principles outlined in the opening chapters are based on the findings of psychoanalysis, and psycho-analysis, up to the present, has not provided us with any theory of suggestion that is of much help towards the understanding of its protean manifestations. Since, moreover, Dr Yellowlees rejects, or denies the importance of, the one positive contribution of psycho-analysis to hypnotic theory, namely, the part played by transference, he makes the divorce between his Principles and his Methods more complete than it need have been. But the same difficulty will confront anyone who tries to bring the methods of suggestion and the methods of psycho-analysis under one set of principles that can be intelligibly described in five short chapters.

T. W. M.

The Unconscious Mind. A Psycho-Analytical Survey. By S., HERBERT, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Assoc. Member of the Brit. Psycho-Analytical Society. London: A. and C. Black, Ltd, 1923. Pp. 230. Price 6s. net.

The utility of popular expositions of psycho-analysis compressing a survey of the whole subject into one small volume has always been open to doubt, since few subjects are so liable to be misrepresented in the process of simplification or condensation; but since the appearance of Freud's own introduction to the subject, further volumes of popular exposition can justify themselves only on the grounds of quite outstanding merit in this direction.

Dr Herbert's little volume deals with the Unconscious, the PsychoPathology of Everyday Life, Dreams, Nervous and Mental Disorders, the Instincts, rival theories of the Unconscious, Mythology, Folk Lore and Religion,

Wit and Art, and the Unconscious in the scheme of Evolution; and his survey of this formidable assemblage of topics shows evidence of wide reading.

The simple unhampered way in which these complex topics are dealt with will be attractive to the uninformed reader, but raises certain doubts in the minds of more advanced students. In Psycho-Analysis the course of true exposition never doth run smooth, and the facility of presentation which glides over difficulties renders the science a questionable service, however wellintentioned it may be. Apart from a number of minor inaccuracies of no special moment there is nothing in the text which calls for special criticism, except the misleading impression of symbolism given in the two chapters on dreams. A certain superficiality in interpretation is perhaps inevitable in citing examples for popular consumption; but the prominence given to the occasional phenomenon of auto-symbolism, and the absence of any distinctions between this and symbolism in its accepted Psycho-Analytical sense exposes his interpretations to criticism on the grounds of superficiality in which most PsychoAnalysts would join.

In the same chapters too much stress is laid on the manifestations of adult sexuality in the dream and no hint is given of the much more important and more truly unconscious manifestations of the infantile components and directions of the Libido.

In the same connection the impression is given, surely quite inadvertently, that attempts to divert adult sexual wishes into work and other activities constitute 'sublimation'-a misapprehension which seems exceedingly tenacious of life.

The bibliography will be found useful by those who may wish to follow up the author's purely introductory mention of the topics touched on.

JAMES GLOVER.

The Kingdom of Evils. By E. E. SOUTHARD and MARY C. JARRETT. With an introduction by RICHARD C. CABOT, and a note upon legal entanglement as a division of evil by Roscoe POUND. London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1922. pp. xx, 708. Price 24s. net.

It is perhaps a pity that this volume has received such a title, in that by itself it hardly describes the contents, and may by thus misleading go unread by many who would profit greatly by its study. The evils referred to are— diseases and defects of body and mind; educational deficiences; vices and bad habits; legal entanglements; and poverty-in their relation to psychiatric social service work. These pages constitute a record of experience of the social service of the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, with lengthy comment on a hundred cases selected because of their instructive features. As stated in the preface "Such a work might serve several purposes-to suggest ideas to social workers, to reveal to other professional persons the nature of social work, and to throw light upon the problems of mental hygiene for all persons interested in human life."

As psychiatry advances, its scope becomes ever wider, and it becomes increasingly patent that social, domestic, economic, legal, and eugenic factors interlace and must be taken into account when attempts are made to battle with the problem of any individual sufferer. A diagnosis once established, the

physician may be powerless to do anything unaided, and this book in part illustrates how doctor and social worker can co-operate in the care of the mentally deranged and how fruitful such co-operation can be. The former has neither training nor time to bring about the necessary environmental adjustments undertaken by the social service worker. Any psychotherapist of experience in dealing with service pensioners suffering from a neurological disability, must have realized how frequently his therapy was impotent in the face of domestic and economic factors. The authors wisely lay great stress on this point which is by no means adequately borne in mind in this country. "Possibly it is the social problem both superadded to and lying deeply underneath the individual problem that has caused physicians to fail in the past to effect cures in many psychoneuroses, despite the fact that a very perfect individual psychotherapeutic technique was being thoroughly carried out. It is an error of the psychiatrist and the psychologist to rest profound faith in armchair methods of psychotherapy." It would be well for us to grasp the importance and truth of this. This book stands for the individualization of the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric cases.

The first half of the book is descriptive and presents a hundred social cases chosen from varied psychiatric material to illustrate the theory and practice of social work. Every type involving anti-social evils is presented-psychoneurotics, psychopathic personalities, psychotics, drug addicts, delinquents, etc., and at some length and detail an insight is given as to the possibilities of adjustment through social work.

In the second half the relation of social work to sociology and psychiatry is discussed and its various methods amply dealt with. It is fully brought home to us that the study of mental disease must involve "not merely life's inner relations as such and life's outer relations as such, but also the adjustments of interrelations of the two." A note upon legal entanglement as a division of evil, three appendices, and a full bibliography close this highly important volume.

Those who have adopted a modern psychiatric viewpoint and who have recognized the practical sterility of the older purely descriptive conceptions which looked upon mental abnormalities as disease entities, will welcome these pages. As far as we know it constitutes the first treatise on psychiatric social work which has become a new profession in America for the educated woman. The thoroughness and enthusiasm of many American psychiatrists should stimulate their confrères in this country. Economical factors for many years will doubtless prevent our National Council for Mental Hygiene from advancing its cause to any appreciable extent. We have sown the seeds of social work in connection with some out-patient clinics, and it is to be hoped that in the course of time such an organization as depicted in these pages will eventuate in England. Though in the book there is much repetition and much that might be compressed, we hesitate to say anything which might seem to militate against its value. From cover to cover there is nothing but which is of great scientific interest and which demonstrates a masterly grasp of all the factors pertaining to psychiatric problems. As an education for all interested in the wider aspects of mental disease its circulation cannot be too wide. The decease of the part-author, Dr Southard, was a great loss to this branch of medicine.

C. STANFORD READ.

Psycho-analysis and Everyman. By D. N. BARBOUR. George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1923. Pp. 191. Price 6s. net.

Inspired by the desire to "save the coming generation from some of the needless suffering," etc., Mr Barbour has imposed on himself the task of presenting "to the educated public, in clear language, the more important facts" established by the researches of Freud. The author seems to have overlooked the fact that there are already available in English clear and authoritative presentations of psycho-analysis, although his reference to Freud's Introductory Lectures shows that he is not unfamiliar with the most admirable of all.

However that may be, it is perhaps not unreasonable to ask that any new book on the subject should, if not improve on previous models, at least justify its publication by giving an accurate account of the more fundamental conceptions. It cannot be altogether need for simplification, which induces Mr Barbour, at an early stage in his exposition to abandon or modify beyond recognition the most essential parts of Freudian theory. His use of the term 'unconscious' is fundamentally opposed to what is implied by this term in psycho-analysis, and it follows that his understanding of dynamic mechanisms must be unsound, even when much of the terminology used has a familiar ring. This is borne out by much looseness in the use of such terms as repression, censorship, transference, resistance, as also in his description of the aims and method of analysis itself. Needless to say the chapter on dreams is not free from blemish in this respect. Moreover, the author abandons the Freudian connotation of 'libido,' with the inevitable result that his use of 'ego-libido' renders the conception of narcissism entirely incomprehensible.

In these circumstances it is unnecessary to consider in detail, the numerous views and expressions of opinion, often emotionally tinged, whereby Mr Barbour makes it clear in other chapters that a more appropriate title for this book would have been Everyman and Psycho-analysis.

EDWARD GLOver.

NOTES ON RECENT PERIODICALS

Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, part II, 1923.

The first original article in this number of the Zeitschrift is contributed by Dr Imre Hermann (Budapest) and entitled "Marginal Preference as a Primary Process." By 'marginal preference' the author means that tendency which manifests itself, as he has found by experiment, in young children to choose from a series of similar objects placed before them that which is at the one or the other end of the row. The same tendency has been observed in animals. In human beings after the age of six years a tendency to choose an object from the middle of the series appears ('Mittelwahltendenz'). Dr Hermann believes the former tendency to be a primitive mode of mental functioning a primary process-and his article shows how it operates in various spheres of thought and feeling, e.g. in the reflex arc, in certain physical expressions of affects, in dreams and the formation of neurotic symptoms. He discusses the relation of 'marginal preference' to the pleasure-principle and concludes that they are closely connected but are not related as the special to the general. In the second section of his paper he cites certain facts, in particular with reference to optical illusions, in support of the thesis that every mental process which reaches consciousness passes through successive stages of more primitive mental organization, a thesis maintained by Ferenczi in the sphere of sex and by Schilder in that of thought.

In a short article on "The Infantile Genital Organization" Professor Freud supplements, and to some extent corrects, his exposition of infantile sexuality in "Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex." In that work he said that in the choice of a love-object we have the closest approximation to the final form assumed by the sexual life after puberty and that the primacy of the genitals is only partially, if at all, established during the infantile period. He now speaks of a primacy of the phallus and shows that there is a phase which may be called that of an infantile genital organization in which only the male genital organ plays any part. His account of this phase and of its importance in mental life has reference only to what takes place in boys: the situation in the case of girls is, he says, not yet clear. The boy passes from his first assumption that every person and animal possess a genital like his own to the discovery that it is not everyone who has a penis. He conceives of the lack of this organ as the result of castration, possibly as a punishment for some forbidden activity. Hence he still attributes the possession of the penis to those whom he especially esteems, above all to his mother. Later, when he realizes that only women can bear children, the child is regarded as a substitute for the penis. In the pregenital anal-sadistic phase there is as yet no distinction between male and female, but simply that between active and passive. Before the former distinction is apprehended there intervenes the phase of infantile genital organization in which the basis of the distinction is the possession of the penis and the loss of it through castration.

Dr Hans Sachs (Berlin) contributes a paper on "The Genesis of the Perversions." He takes as his starting-point Freud's doctrine that a perversion implies the persistence of a specially strong instinct-component which does not fall under the primacy of the genital zone ("Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex"). He goes on to consider the relation of the perversion to the Oedipus complex, to the Unconscious and to repression. In his paper "A Child is Being Beaten" Freud showed that the Oedipus complex is, as it were, a lens through which the ray which is the perversion must travel. Dr Sachs holds that this is true of all perversions. Further, while we are familiar with the view that neurosis is the negative of perversion, the pervert, no less than the neurotic, displays amnesia for infantile experiences and his analysis leads to the discovery of unconscious material. In the one case a repressed phantasy manifests itself as a neurotic symptom, alien to the ego, while in the other case it is in agreement with the ego (ichgerecht) and is felt as pleasurable. Both neurosis and perversion are exaggerations of some part of normal infantile sexual