They liked horse racing, hunting, dancing, and visiting other plantations. Attendance at church, weddings, and funerals was a welcome kind of diversion. There was a feast with plenty of wine at funerals, and volleys were so often fired that some men asked in their wills that gun firing should be omitted. Much of the master's time was taken in managing his plantation,

1700.

which was as complex as many modern factories. Its crops, animals, buildings, varied supplies, such as food, tools of all kinds, and clothing, required constant attention. The mistress had to plan for her guests, servants, supplies, and various household duties as carefully as a modern manager does for his hotel.

Virginia's achievement.-The first successful English colony in America stands in the same relation to succeeding colonies as Columbus to the sailors that followed him. Our whole nation looks back to Virginia as the colony that showed the way to all the other settlements that developed into the United States.

Virginia was the first to lay the foundation of our modern representative government. Her House of Burgesses was elected by vote of the people, the year before the second successful English colony was founded at Plymouth.

Virginia's greatest sons, such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, learned from her early traditions such respect for the rights of the people as to fight for them on battle fields and in halls of government. The eloquence of her Patrick Henry led men of the North and the South to load their muskets for the Revolution. The sons of Virginia rank with the foremost men of other colonies in giving us our present Constitution. John Marshall, another Virginian, interpreted that Constitution in

his decisions and aided in creating this strong, modern, united nation. All these sons of our first permanent colony drew their inspiration from the democratic spirit shown in electing the first assembly in America to represent the people in making laws for them.

Summary of Points of Emphasis for Review.—(1) England's reasons for colonization, (2) why the poorer classes were dissatisfied in England, (3) two colonizing companies, (4) charter for colonizing Virginia, (5) suffering of the colonists on the voyage to Virginia, (6) kind of men who settled Jamestown, (7) struggle of the colony, (8) how John Smith helped the Jamestown colony, (9) why the colony survived, (10) why the year 1619 should be remembered, (11) Virginia loses her charter and becomes a royal colony, (12) effect of tobacco raising upon Virginia, (13) how laborers were obtained, (14) church and school, (15) life on a plantation, (16) Virginia's achievement.

Activities. The teacher should read to the class selections from Value of Virginia as a Colony (published in 1650) in James, Readings in American History, 40-44. The class should write five reasons why colonization of Virginia by England was desirable.

Imagine yourself to be the perfumer (p. 53). Write a letter to a friend, telling what you think of Jamestown as a place of residence.

Read or ask your teacher to read to you Conditions of the Jamestown Colony (1607), an extract from the diary of one of the settlers, in James, Readings in American History, 38, 39.

Give an account of life on a Virginia plantation from the point of view of (a) the master, (b) a servant boy or girl, and (c) a slave.

Write one hundred words on (a) The Aladdin's Lamp of Virginia or (b) Government in the Virginia Colony.

References for Teachers.-Greene, Foundations of American Nationality, 45-85; Channing, History of the United States, I., 148–236; Johnston, Pioneers of the Old South (Chron. of Am.), 1-115, 161-190; Bolton and Marshall, Colonization of North America; Tyler, England in America, 3–117; Thwaites, The Colonies, 69-81; Fiske, Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, I., 1-254, II., 45-107; Higginson, Book of American Explorers, 231-265; Egerton, Origin and Growth of English Colonies in America, 64-83; Earle, Home Life in Colonial Days (see Index); Goodwin, The Colonial Cavalier; Johnston, To Have and To Hold and Prisoners of Hope (fiction).

For Pupils.-Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days, 64-66, 95, 232, 233, 314; Perry and Price, American History, I., 123-134; Otis, Richard of Jamestown; Foote and Skinner, Explorers and Founders, 113-125; Southworth, Builders of Our Country, I., 73-88, 201-207; MacElroy, Work and Play in Colonial Days; Hart, Colonial Children, 149-152; Guerber, Story of the Thirteen Colonies; Gordy, American Leaders and Heroes, 42–62.

CHAPTER V

THE COMING OF THE PILGRIMS

The Pilgrims.-The Reformation led to the formation of many differing groups of Protestants. Among such were those known in American history as the Pilgrims. The Pilgrim movement began in the northern part of Nottinghamshire, England, near Sherwood Forest, the resort of Robin Hood and his merry archers. Some tenant farmers and laborers after listening to the preaching of a young graduate of Cambridge (kām′brij) University, England, thought that it was their duty to separate from the Church of England. They tried to worship by themselves, but they "were hunted and persecuted on every side.” They determined to leave their homes and fair country and go to Holland," where they heard there was freedom of religion for all men." They were persecuted, and some of them imprisoned, when they tried to leave England, but after several attempts they reached Am'sterdam (1608). They lived in that city about a year, but in order to escape the quarrels among the English churches there, they moved to Leyden (li'den).

These Sep'aratists from the Church of England have been called Pilgrims because of their various pilgrimages in search of a place where they could worship God as they chose. Before starting on another pilgrimage, they remained in Leyden as a distinct congregation for eleven years (1609-1620).

Leaders of the Pilgrims.-They had three remarkable leaders. William Brewster, the postmaster in the Nottinghamshire town of Scrooby, was their elder or deacon. He "taught twice every Sabbath when the church had no other minister." He allowed the Pilgrims to worship in his house at Scrooby, assisted the weak to get to Holland, and later proved a Good Samaritan among the sick in America.

The pastor of the Pilgrims was John Robinson, a graduate of Cambridge University, who was well fitted to train the Pilgrims for the great work before them. He taught them to be of service to each other and to live " together in peace, love, and holiness." He bequeathed to those of later time what is perhaps the original of the motto: "Each for all and all for each." He instilled such courage into the Pilgrims that all could say with him: "It is not with us as with other men whom small things can discourage." Recent Dutch and English students of the life of the Pilgrims in Holland agree that they succeeded so well " because they believed in God and in John Robinson and in one another."

William Bradford (1588?-1657) was a boy when he went to Holland. He later served for thirty-one years as governor of the Pilgrim colony in America. His common sense, kindness, and ability to manage men and to direct the business of the colony enabled it to survive. He wrote the History of Plymouth Plantation, which is one of the earliest and best of all contemporary histories of American colonies. He was so modest that it is difficult to realize from reading it how great he really was. In that respect he was the opposite of Captain John Smith, the historian of the Jamestown colony.

Pilgrimage to America.-Leyden, Holland, was a city of about 100,000, and the Pilgrims realized that if they remained in it their children would learn the Dutch language and ways and their congregation would cease to exist. Besides, it was very hard to earn a living there. The children had to go to work so young that they became "decrepit in their early youth." There was also fear that Spain would attack Holland. These were some of the reasons that caused a shipload of the Leyden congregation to start on their last and most famous pilgrimage.

The chief idea in all their pilgrimages was to secure religious liberty for themselves and a chance to develop in their own way. We should guard against thinking that they came to America to found a colony where anyone might worship as he chose. They feared that another church might drive them out as they

had been driven from England. They thought there would be land enough in America for any who disliked their religion to go elsewhere.

The Pilgrims left Holland for the long voyage in July, 1620. After many discouragements and delays and the abandonment of one vessel, one hundred and two men, women, and children sailed September 6 from Plymouth, England, in the Mayflower, one of the most famous ships in history. Thirty-five of her passengers, including Bradford and Brewster, the leaders of the pilgrimage, were members of the Leyden congregation. John Robinson, the pastor, remained behind with the majority of his flock, many of whom came later, but he died before he could see the famous colony which would have been impossible without his teaching. The rest of the Mayflower's passengers were from various parts of England. Captain Miles Standish, Priscilla Mullins, and John Alden, the three characters most interesting to us in Longfellow's poem, The Courtship of Miles Standish, all came direct from England.

The Mayflower reached Cape Cod on November 9. The Pilgrims had permission to settle in the grant of the London Company (p. 50) and they hoped to locate somewhere near the mouth of the Hudson. The captain accordingly turned the vessel to the south, but she fell among such "dangerous shoals and roaring breakers" that she was turned back to Provincetown harbor (map, p. 82). The twentieth century has seen an imposing shaft erected at Provincetown to mark the first landing place of the Pilgrims.

After exploring the coast in the vicinity, the Pilgrims selected for their permanent settlement the place now called Plymouth, where they landed, December 21, 1620. The rigors of a New England winter were upon them before they built a single house.

The struggle to survive. In the dead of winter they built themselves homes with logs cut from the forest. Exposure to cold and wet and contagion from perhaps some form of influenza or tuberculosis brought sickness and death. Half of the