the Philippines. Japan and all the great European powers also rushed troops there, and together they rescued the foreigners. China was made to pay an indemnity of over $300,000,000. The share allowed the United States was about $24,000,000, but we returned part ($16,000,000) of this because it was three times the amount of all our losses and expenses in China. The "Open Door."-John Hay, then Secretary of State under McKinley, contended for the principle of the "Open Door" for all parts of China. This meant that all nations should have the privilege of trading on equal terms with China. In all his diplomacy, Hay was honest and straightforward. He never tried to gain his point by hiding his real meaning in obscure phrases or by double-dealing. Hay had been private secretary to Abraham Lincoln and had learned diplomacy from him. The Chinese trusted Hay, and they trusted the United States because they had learned that it wanted from them no privileges not granted to other nations. Hay's diplomacy helped save China from dismemberment and division among the European powers after the Boxer uprising. Reëlection of McKinley; assassination.-The Republicans renominated McKinley for President (1900), while the Democrats again named William J. Bryan. Theodore Roosevelt was made the Republican nominee for Vice President, against his will, by men who disliked him and who shared the common belief that this office is a grave yard for political careers. The chief issue of this campaign was not free silver but "imperialism." This was because the United States had abandoned the old policy of staying at home and had taken the Philippines. Some argued that such a step would lead to world conquest, which the Democrats opposed. The majority of the voters refused to be scared by such arguments and reëlected McKinley. Soon after McKinley began his second term, he made at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition (September, 1901) a speech which showed that he realized (1) that the United States had become a link in the chain of the nations, and (2) that it ought to try to find a market for goods in every part of the world. "Isolation is no longer possible or desirable," he declared. The day after this speech, he was assassinated by an anarchist. The affection in which McKinley was held is shown by the fact that more than a million people subscribed to build a granite monument for him at Canton, Ohio, where he lived. Summary of Points of Emphasis for Review.-(1) Past policy of the United States toward the Old World, (2) why we went to war with Spain, (3) attitude of foreign nations, (4) battle of Manila Bay, (5) battle of Santiago, (6) the army in Cuba and Porto Rico, (7) terms of the treaty of peace, (8) the Philippines, (9) what the United States did for Cuba, (10) Porto Rico, (11) annexation of the Hawaiian Islands and their value to us, (12) China and the "Open Door," (13) “imperialism" and reëlection of McKinley, (14) two important ideas in McKinley's Buffalo speech. Activities. From the Autobiography of George Dewey, the teacher may read to the class the description of the battle in Manila Bay and his experience with the German admiral. Each member of the class may then write a newspaper cablegram of one hundred words giving the essentials of the story. Draw a diagram of Manila Bay and its approaches; also of Santiago Bay. The teacher may read to the class from Roosevelt's Autobiography his story of the San Juan fight and the result of our unpreparedness (middle of page 263 to bottom page 268). Each pupil may condense this into a 100-word press dispatch. Draw a map showing the possessions that we acquired as a result of our war with Spain. Make a list of the products we receive from our new possessions, includ ing the Hawaiian Islands and Tutuila. Why did we make such a struggle to keep the "Open Door" in China? References for Teachers.-Rhodes, McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations; Fish, Development of Am. Nationality, XXVII.; Latané, Am. as a World Power, Chaps. I.-X., and From Isolation to Leadership, V.; Paxson, New Nation, XVI.; Sparks, Expansion of Am. People, XXXVI.; Andrews, U. S. in Our Own Times, XXVII., XXVIII; Dewey, Autobiography of George Dewey; Roosevelt, Rough Riders, I., IV., V. For Pupils. Elson, Side Lights on Am. Hist., II., 352-401; Barstow, Progress of a United People, 70–106; Gordy, Am. Leaders and Heroes, 314326; Ross, Heroes of Our War with Spain; Nicolay, Book of Am. Wars, 413-454; Hart, Source Book of Am. Hist., 373-392; Twombley, Hawaii and its People; London, Our Hawaii; MacClintock, Philippines. Fiction: Otis, When Dewey Came to Manila; Johnston, The Little Colonel's Hero; King, Captured; Hyatt, Little Brown Brother. CHAPTER XXX GROWTH OF THE WEST The frontier.-The census of 1860 located the frontier on a line running south near the western boundaries of Minnesota and Iowa. South of Iowa, this line swerved west and passed through the eastern central part of Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. The "frontier" meant a population of more than two and less than six people to the square mile. Beyond this frontier, there were a few settlers along the rivers, some fur traders, keepers of stations for stages, miners, and a colony of Mormons in northern Utah. With these few exceptions, the country between the frontier line and the Rocky Mountains was (1860) uninhabited by white people. The central region. If we had gone to school during the thirty years after 1820, the geographies would have taught us that the American Desert covered the region extending for nearly seven hundred miles west of Missouri and Iowa. Maps of this tract were dotted and shaded to indicate sandy desert, after the fashion of the old maps of the Sahara in northern Africa. Early travelers over these plains were most impressed with the scant rainfall and the lack of timber for building houses. Miners and settlers on their way to California and Oregon hurried over these plains as fast as they could. For almost half a century the frontier line remained nearly stationary where it crossed the Missouri River, near the site of Kansas City. During that time farmers chose the lands that had more moisture. This delay in extending the frontier led to a great increase in the population of those states bordering on the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. Let us join Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens, 1835-1910) on a stage trip west of this frontier line before the railroad came OVERLAND TO THE PACIFIC. The San Antonio and San Diego Mail-Line. THIS Line, which has been in successful operation since July, 1837, is ticketing PASSENGERS Passengers ticketed through, from NEW-ORLEANS, to the following points, via SAN The Coaches of our Line leave semi-monthly from each end, on the 9th and 24th of each month, at 6 o'clock A.M. An armed escort travels through the Indian country with each mail train, for the protection of the mails and passengers. ADVERTISEMENT OF AN OVERLAND STAGE LINE Mark Twain paid $150 for a ticket from Missouri to Nevada by another line. and brought a sudden change. His story can never again be told by an eyewitness of those scenes. A trip on the overland stage route. Railroads had reached the Missouri River (1859), but there was none crossing the plains until after the Civil War. Mark Twain gives in his book called Roughing It a vivid account of his trip across the plains to Nevada in the first year of the Civil War (1861). He bought his stage ticket for $150 at St. Joseph, Missouri, which could then be reached by both steamboat and railroad. Soon he found himself on the prairie, stretching away "for seven hundred miles as level as a floor." A woman who used very bad grammar talked so much that she kept the passengers awake the |