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Anderson defended it for thirty-four hours until the shells of the Confederates set it on fire. He was then forced to give up Fort Sumter. The Union flag was hauled down and that of the Confederacy raised in its place (April 14, 1861).

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INTERIOR OF FORT SUMTER AFTER THE SURRENDER

Redrawn from a war-time photograph. The Confederate flag is flying from the derrick by which the guns were raised to the upper tier. This flag had seven stars in a blue union, and three bars of red, white, and red. Later Confederate flags had thirteen stars on a narrow diagonal cross.

Effect upon the North.-Not a life was lost on either side during the bombardment; yet this was one of the most important battles of the Civil War. A statesman of that time wrote thus of the change that came over the North in a day: "The report of the attack upon Fort Sumter was like an electric shock to a body seemingly dead, but full of vitality. In a day the current of sentiment throughout all of the nonslaveholding states was changed. Men who had denounced coercion at once became its advocates."

Lincoln's call for volunteers. The leading men of both parties in the North now agreed that the authority of the United States must be enforced and its property recovered. The day after the surrender of Sumter, Lincoln asked the governors of the states for 75,000 soldiers to serve for three months, "to maintain the honor, the integrity, and the existence of our national Union." The response to this call was quick and enthusiastic. Within two days five companies from Pennsylvania reached Washington, and a Massachusetts regiment from Concord, Lexington, and other places in the vicinity of the first battles of the Revolution, was on its way there.

Effect upon the South. The taking of Sumter seemed a great victory to the South. The Confederate secretary of war said that the new flag "will float over the dome of the old Capitol at Washington before the first of May."

The call of Lincoln for volunteers showed the South that he intended to fight. Southerners said that this call was "diabolical," because they thought that he would try to deprive them of their own chosen free government and to make them obey his will. The idea that he intended to make war on the seceding states caused four more southern states-Arkansas, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina-to join the seven already in the Confederacy. Its capital was changed from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.

Jefferson Davis called for 100,000 volunteers. More than that number of the best men of the South offered their services.

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TENNESSEE ROOM IN THE CONFEDERATE MUSEUM AT RICHMOND, VIRGINIA This house, called the White House of the Confederacy, was the residence of President Jefferson Davis. Each of the Confederate States is now represented by one room in it. The equestrian statue seen here is of Nathan B. Forrest, a famous Confederate general from Tennessee.

Reasons given for taking up arms.-Lincoln in his call for volunteers said nothing about attacking slavery. If he had opposed slavery, he would have lost the support of many Democrats in the North and he also would have offended the border slaveholding. states which had not yet joined the Confederacy. The preservation of the Union, he said, was his aim in calling for soldiers. Thirty-one years before, Andrew Jackson had said: "Our federal Union! It must be preserved." Lincoln now planned to use the army and navy, if necessary, to preserve it.

The South called for volunteers to enable it to defend its independence. Believing that it had the right to secede, it was willing to fight as hard for that right as the colonies had fought to throw off the yoke of Great Britain. The Southerners said less about preserving negro slavery than about defending their freedom and independence.

While we ought to know the point of view of both the North and the South, we should remember that if there had been no negro slavery, there would have been no war at that time.

Comparative strength of the two sections. Outside of the uncertain border slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, the North had nineteen states with a population of nineteen millions. The eleven states in the Confederacy had a population of nine millions. Three and a half millions of these were slaves, but they raised the food and so made it possible for nearly all the white men to go to war.

If all the soldiers are counted up to the end of the war, the North had the equivalent of three years' service of 1,500,000 men; the South, of 1,000,000 men. All together, the northern soldiers thus outnumbered the southern in the ratio of three to two, but the North needed more men if it was to fight in the enemy's country.

The North had more money and more vessels than the South, as well as two thirds of the railway mileage. It had many factories as well as farms, and it could make its arms and ammunition and build its vessels. The South was mainly agricultural. It had very few factories, and its people were not skilled in the art of making things. Richmond, Virginia, had a street-car track, but war had broken out before the cars were delivered from the North. Since there was no factory in the South that could make them, the line could not be used. Southerners had been in the habit of buying what they wanted from the North and from Europe and paying with cotton. The South was thus in a position to be seriously handicapped by a blockade.

Why the South hoped to win.-(1) The South had reason to think that it would have many sympathizers in the North who would not fight to force the seceding states to return to the Union. (2) The South expected foreign help, because European nations would need its cotton and would object to being deprived of it, if the North tried a blockade. (3) The South also thought that its people would make better fighters than northern men.

Lincoln's cabinet.-Lincoln selected a strong cabinet, who did their work well during the weary years of the war. William H. Seward (p. 341) was Secretary of State. Salmon P. Chase, who had been a United States senator and governor of Ohio, was Secretary of the Treasury. He had the hard task of getting money for the war, which sometimes cost $2,500,000 a day. Lincoln knew that he had been called a "baboon" by Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, a Democrat who had been Attorney-General in Buchanan's cabinet, but this fact did not keep Lincoln from making Stanton Secretary of War. Stanton had "a greed for work," and he labored day and night for the success of the war. In Lincoln's treatment of Stanton and Chase, we can see one of the President's great qualities, his power to forgive. To

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Statue by St. Gaudens at Lincoln Park, Chicago.
A replica of this statue was placed in front of the
Houses of Parliament in London, England, in 1921.

ward the close of Lincoln's first term, Chase tried to get the presidential nomination for himself, but failed. People said to Lincoln: "Now is the time to crush Chase." Lincoln replied, "I am not in favor of crushing anybody." Lincoln admired Chase's ability and appointed him chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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