Huguenots (hū'ge-nots). They were persecuted, and thousands of them were killed in the religious struggles in France. This persecution shows why many Huguenots came later to America. They made a settlement (1564) on the St. Johns River in Florida, but the Spaniards destroyed the colony and hanged the settlers. Neither France nor England founded a successful colony in the New World during the sixteenth century. Summary of Points of Emphasis for Review.-(1) Trade routes, (2) articles of eastern commerce, (3) part played by the Revival of Learning, religion, and Henry the Navigator in helping solve the problem of eastern trade, (4) Columbus and his work, (5) why the New World was called "America," (6) Magellan, (7) Spanish colonization in the West Indies and South America, (8) Aztecs and Incas, (9) Spanish exploration in North America, (10) Spain's sixteenth-century colonies and possessions in North America, (11) Spanish names in the southwestern United States, (12) Spanish missions, (13) motives of "gospel, glory, and gold," (14) basis of England's claim to part of the New World, (15) rise of Protestantism, (16) work of Elizabethan seamen, (17) defeat of the Armada, (18) sixteenth-century English attempts at colonization, (19) French exploration and colonization. Activities. Draw a map showing three trade routes from the East. Imagine yourself to be a Portuguese seaman of the fifteenth century and tell the class about one of your voyages, the preparation, dangers, fears, hopes. Read what Marco Polo says of his travels (Brooks, Story of Marco Polo). Write such a letter as he might have written, describing one of the places that he visited. Within one hundred words state the new problem of eastern trade and show what helped to solve it. Explain why the work of Columbus entitles him to be called one of the great men of all time. Read the poem Columbus by Joaquin Miller and memorize the stanza that you like best. Make a map of North and South America. Show in color the territory gained by Spain in her prime. Read the account of John Cabot by Two Italian Gentlemen (1497) in Hart's Colonial Children, 7-8, and The Joke of the Pilot's Boy (1578) in the same book, 23-25. Explain why John Hawkins and Francis Drake have a place in American history. Trace on a map Drake's voyage after leaving the Strait of Magellan. Tell why the defeat of the Armada is regarded as a great event in history. On a map show where the English and French attempted to settle in the New World before 1600. References for Teachers.-Cheney, European Background of American History, 3-103; Richman, Spanish Conquerors (Chronicles of America); Bolton, Spanish Border Lands (Chron. of Am.); Winsor, Narrative and Critical Hist. of Am., Vols. II., III.; Shea, Catholic Church in Colonial Days; Hodge and Lewis, Spanish Explorers in Southern U. S.; Fiske, Discovery of Am., I., 256-516, II., 1-426, 483-569; Channing, Hist. of the U.S., I., 1-40; Bourne, Spain in Am., 3-319; Wood, Elizabethan Sea Dogs (Chron. of Am.); Hakluyt, Principal Navigations (Hawkins and Drake), or Payne, Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen, 1-81, 193-272; Hart, Am. Hist. Told by Contemporaries, I. For Pupils.-Nida, Dawn of Am. Hist. in Europe, 264-317; Foote and Skinner, Explorers and Founders of Am., 11-85; Brooks, Story of Marco Polo and True Story of Christopher Columbus; Southworth, Builders of our Country, I., 10-72; Hart, Colonial Children, 4-6, 12-16; Munroe, Flamingo Feather (fiction). CHAPTER III NATURAL FEATURES AND NATIVES Climate and soil. The continental United States and the greater part of Canada and of Europe are in the temperate zone. The summers are warm enough to raise a great variety of crops, while the winters are sufficiently cold to keep the people vigorous. The change in the seasons of the temperate zone gives variety to life. If the United States had been in either the torrid or the frigid zone, we cannot tell what our history would have been. The greatest men and the most important inventions have come from the temperate zone. The Greeks and Romans and the inventors of the steam engine, telegraph, sewing machine, reaper, telephone, and airplane, lived in the temperate zone, where the climate is neither so hot nor so cold as to keep men from doing varied kinds of work. Climate helps make history. It also helps make literature, for the temperate zone has given the world the majority of its greatest writers, such as Homer, Vergil, Dante, and Shakespeare. The early European colonists did not realize that the prevailing westerly winds, blowing over Europe from the Atlantic Ocean, made the winters of western Europe much warmer than those of the corresponding latitudes in eastern North America. If they had known this, they could have escaped much suffering. When one hundred and twenty colonists came to the Kennebec' River in Maine (1607), it was so warm that they believed the tales about cinnamon and nutmeg growing there. The men expected to find the usual mild English winter. They had not provided against the cold of a New England winter, and they were barely able to keep from freezing in January. Many died and the rest left the next year and reported the climate "unsuited to Englishmen." It is hard for Americans to realize that |