his suit (1857) because the majority of the Supreme Court, which favored slavery, decided that a negro was not a citizen of the United States and had no right to bring suit in its courts. The court also declared that the Constitution considered slaves property, that Congress had no power to forbid a citizen to take his property into any territory, and that the Missouri Compromise had, therefore, always been void.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates.-The Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise, caused Abraham Lincoln to take an intense interest in politics. In 1858 he became the Republican candidate for United States senator from Illinois, opposing the reëlection of Douglas, the Democratic candidate. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates in different towns, in order to bring before the people the issues for which each candidate stood. These debates argued the question of the extension of slavery into the territories, Lincoln taking the antislavery side. Douglas was then the most famous speaker in the North. There was so much interest in the debates that they were held in the open air, since no hall was large enough to hold the crowds of from five to twenty thousand.

In the debate at Freeport, Illinois, Lincoln asked Douglas whether the inhabitants of a territory could in any lawful way exclude slavery from it. Perhaps the answer to no single question has had a greater effect on our history. If Douglas said "Yes," he would disagree with the decision of the Supreme Court, anger the South, and lose its support for the presidency. If he said "No," Illinois would not elect him senator. He answered "Yes," that a territory could make slavery unprofitable by "unfriendly" legislation. Lincoln replied that Douglas claimed "a thing may be lawfully driven from the place where it has a lawful right to stay." Douglas won the senatorship, but Lincoln was satisfied, for he was after "larger game.”

John Brown's raid.-John Brown, a direct descendant of a Mayflower Pilgrim, hated slavery so intensely that he went to Kansas and helped to start civil war there. His religious zeal and

his belief in his cause were so strong that he thought God would help him free the slaves. With eighteen men he captured the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1859), thinking that the slaves would come to him and he could arm them. In the fighting which followed, ten of Brown's men were killed, including two of his sons, and he was wounded. He was captured, tried by a state court for treason and murder, and hanged.

Not a slave was freed as a result of Brown's raid, which never had the slightest chance of success, but the South was thrown into a frenzy of alarm. Most people of the North disapproved of the raid, but there were also many who approved and called Brown a martyr.

REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN CARTOON OF 1860

Four candidates for the presidency in 1860.-The result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates was what Lincoln had expected. The South would not have Douglas for its presidential candidate because he had said that a territory could exclude slavery by unfriendly legislation. The Democratic party split; the northern section nominated Douglas, and the southern chose John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Some of the old-time Whigs nomi

nated John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln captured his "larger game" when he was nominated by the Republicans and elected President by a majority of the electoral votes.

Summary of Points of Emphasis for Review. (1) Early slavery, (2) new belief in the rights of all men, (3) responsibility for introduction of slavery into America, (4) reason for its spread, (5) unpopularity of abolitionists in the North, (6) growing opposition to slavery, (7) Presidents Taylor, Pierce, and Buchanan, and why each was elected, (8) balance of free and slave states, (9) Compromise of 1850, (10) why the Fugitive Slave Law caused trouble, (11) Uncle Tom's Cabin, (12) what states did to nullify the Fugitive Slave Law, (13) the underground railroad, (14) new leaders, (15) KansasNebraska Act, (16) “bleeding Kansas," (17) formation of the Republican party, (18) Dred Scott decision, (19) Lincoln-Douglas debates, (20) John Brown's raid, (21) presidential candidates in 1860.

Activities. Explain the connection between slavery and each of the following: (a) Virginia plantation, (b) Ordinance of 1787, (c) cotton gin, (d) Missouri Compromise, (e) annexation of Texas, (f) Mexican cession. Draw a map showing the slave and the free states in 1849. Review Henry Clay's career as a peacemaker.

Give your opinion of the Fugitive Slave Law from the point of view of (1) the North, (2) the South, (3) the slave.

Read the account of the "Underground Railroad" in Hart's Romance of the Civil War, 51–56.

Give a two-minute talk on one of the following leaders and his connection with slavery: Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas, and William H. Seward.

Suppose that you had been present at the Lincoln-Douglas debate at Freeport, Illinois. Make a report of it to your class. For help see James, Readings in American History, 426-434.

References for Teachers.-Macy, The Antislavery Crusade, (Chron. of Am.); Hart, Slavery and Abolition, IV.-XXI.; T. C. Smith, Parties and Slavery, I.—IV., VII.-XX.; Dodd, Expansion and Conflict, 161–183, 231–267; Fish, Development of Am. Nationality, 290-297, 314-358; Rhodes, Hist. of the U. S. from the Compromise of 1850, I.; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 378-410; Hart, Am. Hist. Told by Contemporaries, IV., 43-150; Bogart, Economic Hist. of the U. S., XXI.; Sparks, The Expansion of the Am. People, XXIX.; Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (fiction); Hough, Purchase Price (fiction).

For Pupils.--Elson, Side Lights on Am. Hist., 263-359; Hart, Romance of the Civil War, 1-115; Foote and Skinner, Makers and Defenders of Am., 230-249; Coffin, Building the Nation, 282-313, 363-424; Wright, Children's Stories of Am. Progress, 159–178; Baldwin, Four Great Americans, 187–240. Fiction: Brooks, The Boy Settlers; Page, In Ole Virginia; Trowbridge, Cudjo's Cave.

CHAPTER XXIV

PROGRESS, 1830 TO 1860

The railroad. The coming of the railroad was an important event in the history of mankind. It is difficult, for instance, to see how the interior of our country could have developed or have remained united under one government if it had not been for the railroad.

Americans tried various ways of moving passenger cars on rails. They even rigged them like boats, with masts and sails,

IN 1829

It was driven by a horse, working a treadmill; speed, 12 miles an hour.

but the time of their arrival was always uncertain. Horse power was also tried. The horse did not pull the car but rode in it, working a treadmill. George Stephenson (stē'ven-sun), an Englishman, has the honor of inventing the steam locomotive, first called a "traveling engine." He said that he would make it cheaper for even a workman to ride than

to walk. In 1825, the year of the opening of the Erie Canal, his locomotives began to haul both passengers and freight on an English railway. The first passenger-and-freight railroad in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio, part of which was opened for traffic in 1830. One of Stephenson's locomotives was