fifteen, when he began work in a lawyer's office. He expressed his regret over such a narrow education and said that in later life he often had to dodge a debate until he could prepare for it.

Van Buren expressed his belief in democracy in these words: "My faith in the capacity of the masses of the people of our country to govern themselves, and in their general integrity in the exercise of that function, was very decided and was more and more strengthened as my intercourse with them extended."

The panic of 1837.- The hard times which Van Buren's administration inherited from Jackson's are known in history as the panic of 1837. The distress which resulted made Van Buren so unpopular that he was not reëlected.

This panic was ended far more quickly than would be possible to-day, because thousands of men who had been thrown out of work went to the frontier and secured rich land on which they could earn their living.

National treasuries.-Van Buren saw that it would not be safe for the government to deposit any more of its money in state banks. He said that the United States should have some place of its own for depositing its money. Then, even if all the banks in the country failed, the government's money would be safe. The most original act of his administration was the passage of a bill (1840) for an independent "subtreasury" system. This led to the construction of national treasuries with strong vaults in Washington, New York, Boston, Charleston, and St. Louis for safekeeping of the government's money. The United States still keeps money in such treasuries, although in later years it has deposited much of its money in national banks and in the Federal Reserve banks.

Summary of Points of Emphasis for Review.—(1) Andrew Jackson, early education, life on the Tennessee frontier, how he became widely known, (2) Jacksonian democracy, what it liked, (3) political equality, (4) difference of opinion about the new democracy, (5) the spoils system, (6) Daniel Webster and the reason for his greatest oration, (7) South Carolina, the tariff, and nullification, (8) Jackson and nullification, (9) Ohio and Georgia disregard the Supreme Court, (10) Indians removed

west of the Mississippi, (11) Jackson and the United States Bank, (12) result of inflation, (13) Van Buren, ancestors, education, belief in the masses, (14) panic of 1837 and its remedy, (15) national treasuries.

Activities. Read a short account of Jackson's life from W. G. Brown's Andrew Jackson, or Ogg's Reign of Andrew Jackson, 1-67 (Chron. of Am.), or some cyclopedia, and be ready to tell it to the class and to the family at home.

Either write a short story entitled: "My Twenty-Four Hours on the Frontier in Jackson's Time," or imagine yourself a frontiersman (1828) and write a short campaign circular giving reasons why Jackson should be elected President.

Imagine yourself John Quincy Adams. Tell the class what you fear from the rule of the Jacksonian democracy.

In fifty words write your opinion of the "spoils system."

Read Webster's Reply to Hayne. What was his greatest idea in this speech? What led him to deliver it?

Show how inflation caused the panic of 1837 and why it ended sooner than could now be expected.

Make a list of the good and the bad influences that we have inherited from Jackson's administration.

References for Teachers.-Fish, Development of Am. Nationality, 184240; Ogg, The Reign of Andrew Jackson (Chron. of Am.); Channing, Hist. of the U. S., V., 378-433; Bassett, Life of Andrew Jackson; McMaster, Hist. of People of U. S., Vols. V., VI.; Turner, Rise of the New West, III., IV., V., VI., XIX.; MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy; Dodd, Expansion and Conflict, 1-95; Sparks, Men Who Made the Nation, 282-332; Wilson, Division and Reunion, 2-115; Hart, Am. Hist. Told by Contemporaries, III., 531-560.

For Pupils. Blaisdell and Ball, Hero Stories from Am. Hist., 185-198; Foote and Skinner, Makers and Defenders of Am., 168-177; Baldwin, Four Great Americans, 125-184; Gordy, Am. Leaders and Heroes, 253-271; Brown, Andrew Jackson (Riverside Biog. Series), 87-145; Stoddard, Errand Boy of Andrew Jackson (fiction); Otis, Philip of Texas (fiction).