WANTED

John Quincy Adams succeeds Monroe. When Monroe retired (1825), the man in the United States who had the most ideal training for the presidency was John Quincy Adams, the son of John Adams. John Quincy Adams was a Puritan of the old type, who enjoyed doing his duty, especially if it was disagreeable. He was born not far from Boston, nearly eight years before the battle of Bunker Hill, and he died only thirteen years before our Civil War. During the greater part of this time he was busy with the affairs of the

nation. He had very little boyhood. When he was nine he expressed his sorrow that he thought too much of "birds' eggs, play, and trifles." Before he was fif

teen, he was in Russia as private secretary to the American envoy. He traveled and

Not until March 4th 1825, an honest, intelligent and faithful MAN SERVANT, to serve the People of the United States as their President, for the next term of four years. He must have the following

character:

He must be at least thirty-five years old. A Col. lege education will not be insisted on as indispensable, provided he has by his own genius and industry acquired as much general knowledge as did Benja min Franklin, the Printer, or Roger Sherman, the shoemaker, who signed the Declaration of Indepen. dence, and has the steel and the flint to strike out sparks of political truth to light this nation to their most direct way to prosperity and plenty. He must be true to his promise, and not a courtier who will say YES to every one.

It is expected he will do his best to restore the industrious, intelligent, honest Farmer to his pristine rank and consequence in society, and the Artizans and Manufacturers of equal merit may be placed by and honorable, and the idle speculator be no longer their side, and useful industry be made fashionable rated a gentleman, but a vagabond in society, a drone in the political hive-and make the industrious, in. telligent boy, who is seen at work in the field, workshop or factory, to be more respected by society, and more sought after by the girls, than the young dandy who is selling grog in a store, or studying in an office ing to law, and tell lies in the words of truth. with a gown on, how to cheat legally, steal accord

CAMPAIGN HANDBILL PRINTED IN 1824

studied much abroad, but he decided that an American education was best for Americans, and of his own accord he left his father, then American minister in London, and returned to go through Harvard College.

Before he was thirty he was selected by Washington to be minister to Holland. He became United States senator, and minister to Russia and to Great Britain (see picture, p. 268). As

Secretary of State under Monroe, he assisted in solving some of the new problems and in framing the Monroe doctrine, which we shall study later as one of the great documents that has affected the history of the Western Hemisphere.

Like his father, Adams lacked the faculty of making friends, but the biographer of the younger Adams could say: "He never knowingly did wrong, nor ever attempted to persuade himself that wrong was right."

Tariff for protection.-The embargo and the War of 1812 had interfered with American commerce on the ocean. This interference developed two needs: (1) a need of things that could not be brought from abroad, and (2) the necessity of a new field for investing money to take the place of commerce on the sea. Extension of manufactures met both needs. New England was becoming a manufacturing section. Cotton, glass, nail, and pottery factories extended as far west as Pittsburgh.

After the close of the War of 1812, goods were brought from Europe in such quantities, and at prices so low, that many factories had to close. Before this, the chief object of a tariff had been to collect duties in order to get money for paying the expenses of government. A new tariff act now raised duties high enough to shut out many foreign articles and thus afforded greater protection to American manufactures. This aid gave new prosperity to some of our factories.

In the administration of John Quincy Adams still another tariff was put in force which was called "The Tariff of Abominations" by its opponents, who said it favored special interests and helped one section of the country at the expense of another.

The problem of Florida. Spain still held Florida, which it had taken from Great Britain at the time of our Revolutionary War. There was danger of foreign war as long as Spain remained in possession of Florida, because outlaws and warring Indians, when pursued, would retreat there.

Andrew Jackson went boldly into Florida with his soldiers (1818), conquered the Sem'inole Indians, and hanged two

British subjects accused of inciting them to war. At first it seemed as if both Great Britain and Spain would declare war on the United States. Fortunately, the Napoleonic struggle had made the whole world weary of war, and Europe was not then safe from an uprising of the common people, who had borne most of the misery of the conflict.

The United States finally solved the Florida problem (1819) by agreeing to give Spain $5,000,000 for the entire territory, a cost of about eleven cents an acre. By the terms of the treaty, the United States also accepted the southwestern boundary shown on the map facing this page, and thus agreed not to claim any land bordering on the Gulf of Mexico to the west of the mouth of the Sabine (så-bēn') River, which now divides Louisiana from Texas. It was not then known that under the Louisiana Purchase the United States had a good claim to Texas. In addition to Texas, Spain still owned all the other land west of the Louisiana Purchase except the Oregon country, which (by treaty with Great Britain in 1818) was held jointly by the United States and Great Britain.

How Napoleon helped to change South American history.— The United States promptly ratified the treaty for the purchase of Florida (1819), but Spain delayed accepting it for nearly two years. To understand the reason for this, it is necessary to know that the Napoleonic War led to the independence of most of South America. When Napoleon put his brother on the Spanish throne (1808), the South American colonies would not recognize the authority of the usurper. After the Spanish king was restored (1814), he tried to rule South America in the same tyrannical way as before. But the people had had a taste of freedom and they fought the tyrant rather than yield. Thus the South American Spanish colonies, like the thirteen North American English colonies, had a bloody revolution to secure independence.

Spain's delay in ratifying the treaty for the sale of Florida, was in order to keep the United States from recognizing the