where brotherly love and toleration should be active forces in men's lives.

Rapid growth of the colony.-Freedom of worship, liberal government, and opportunity to get good land soon made the colony popular. The fertile soil yielded large crops of corn and wheat, which brought independence to the settlers. Some of

SOME

ACCOUNT the Pennsylvania counties that

OF THE

PROVINCE

OF

PENNSILVANIA

IN

AMERICA;

Lately Granted under the Great Seal

OF

ENGLAND

то

William Penn, &c.

Together with Priviledges and Powers necef-
fary to the well-governing thereof.

Made publick for the Information of fuch as are or may
difpofed to Transport themselves or Servants
into those Parts.

be

were early settled by thrifty colonists rank to-day among the best in the United States for the value of farm products.

The growth of the colony was more rapid because Penn was an advertiser of great ability. He described the attractions of Pennsylvania in a pamphlet which he had translated into German, French, and Dutch, and widely circulated. Many Germans, tired of war and the misery and poverty which it caused, learned of Pennsylvania in this way and came to find peace and prosperity. Germans belonging to different religious sects also wanted freedom of worship. Twenty or more of these sects came and enjoyed their own form of church worship. Numbers of Scotch-Irish arrived later. They did not have the Quaker dislike of war, but they wanted to be free from the sight of any church that had tyrannized over them in the past. They went to the frontier because they felt more independent there. All these colonists were a thrifty, hard-working, God-fearing set, just the class to make a prosperous commonwealth.

LONDON: Printed, and Sold by Benjamin Clark
Bookfeller in George-Yard Lombard-fireet, 1681.

TITLE PAGE OF PENN'S PAMPHLET
The old-fashioned "long s," looking much
like f, was in common use, except at the end
of a word, until about 1800.

Equal justice for all.-Pennsylvania was colonized more quickly because Penn treated the Indians so justly that the early settlers did not fear to go into the interior. He paid the Indians for their land and made them feel that they would have justice. In case of a dispute between an Indian and a white man, Penn ordered that half of the jury should be Indians. In his famous treaty with the Indians, he said to them: "The English and the Indians must live in love as long as the sun gives light." The

QUAKERS GOING TO MEETING IN PENNSYLVANIA

The Friends, or Quakers, had a religious service on Sunday, but it was very different from the services of other denominations. Men and women sat on opposite sides of the meetinghouse. Part of the time was spent in reverent silence, each Friend waiting for the inspiration to speak. There was no minister

Indians shouted their word for "Amen!" For seventy years the two races lived at peace. If an Indian found white children in danger of being lost in the forest, he would take them to their home. Quaker parents who had to leave their farms for a journey to market often left their children in the care of the Indians.

Equal justice for all, was Penn's motto, and so he protected the Indian and freed his slaves. He willed to one of his faithful negroes 100 acres to be his children's, after he and his wife. are dead, forever." Penn wrote: "This is the comfort of the good, that the grave cannot hold them, and that they live as soon as they die."

Summary of Points of Emphasis for Review.-(1) Extent of New Netherland, (2) purpose of Dutch colonization, (3) fur trade and trading posts, (4) settlement, patroons, (5) Irving's Knickerbockers, (6) English occupation of New Netherland, (7) how the Dutch have influenced American history, (8) New York under English rule, (9) New Jersey and its colonization under the English, (10) William Penn and the Quakers, (11) Penn's grant of land and why he received it, (12) the addition of Delaware, (13) the government of Pennsylvania, (14) settlement of Philadelphia compared with that at Jamestown and Plymouth, (15) Penn's aims, (16) cause of rapid colonization, (17) the settlers and their character, (18) treatment of the Indians, (19) Penn's motto.

Activities.—Make a map of the Middle Colonies, showing the principal settlements in 1700. Outline in red the region that the Dutch had claimed. Explain why the purchase of Manhattan Island is referred to as of the greatest real-estate bargains recorded in history."

one

Read from Washington Irving's Knickerbocker's History of New York (Book III., Chap. 3) a description of the streets, parlors, and tea parties in New Amsterdam; also his pen portraits of the Dutch governors (Wouter Van Twiller, Book III., Chap. 2, and Peter Stuyvesant, Book V., Chap. 1). Make a list of the ways in which the Dutch influenced American history. Show how religious persecution led to the settlement of New Jersey. Write a fifty-word essay to explain who the Quakers were. Recall any other reference to them in this book.

What opinion do you imagine each of the following had of William Penn and the Quakers: (1) the Puritan, (2) the Indian, (3) the Episcopalian? Compare Penn's aims in Pennsylvania with those of Oglethorpe in Georgia.

Write a paragraph, such as Penn might be supposed to have written, advertising his colony.

You have now learned something of the founding of each of the thirteen English colonies. Make a chart showing (a) the location of each colony, (b) by whom it was founded, (c) why it was founded.

References for Teachers.-Goodwin, Dutch and English on the Hudson (Chron. of Am.), 1–149; Channing, Hist. of the U. S., I., 438–484, II., 34–62, 203-209, 294-310 (for New Amsterdam and New York); II., 94–126, 313339 (for Pennsylvania); II., 44–48, 177-185 (for New Jersey); Thwaites, The Colonies, 195-217; Fisher, The Quaker Colonies (Chron. of Am.), 1-229; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies; Fisher, The True William Penn; Hodges, William Penn; Earle, Colonial Days in Old New York.

For Pupils. Southworth, Builders of Our Country, I., 123-141, 187-196; Eggleston, Our First Century, 84-88, 101-105, 129-139; Gordy, American Leaders and Heroes, 92-101; Foote and Skinner, Explorers and Founders, 168-186, 225-233.

Fiction: Otis, Stephen of Philadelphia and Peter of New Amsterdam; Kennedy, Rob of the Bowl; Bennett, Barnaby Lee.

CHAPTER IX

THE STRUGGLE OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE FOR NORTH AMERICA

French colonization. We have seen (pp. 33-34) that the sixteenth-century attempts of the French to found colonies in Florida and Canada were unsuccessful. Samuel de Champlain (shăm-plān'), a noted French explorer and colonizer, founded the first permanent French settlement on the continent of America at Quebec (1608), the year after the planting of the Jamestown colony. He also founded Montreal three years later.

The French settlements in America were called New France. They soon extended along the St. Lawrence River and advanced west and south. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were called Aca'dia, but they were a part of New France.

Champlain and the Iroquois. The Iroquois, a league of Indian tribes called the Five Nations,-Mohawks, Oneidas (o-niʼdaz), Onondaʼgas, Cayu’gas, and Sen'ecas,-lived in the central part of New York, west of the site of Albany. They were farmers as well as hunters, and raised large quantities of Indian corn. They did not live in common wigwams but in long houses built of wood and bark. They were not like ordinary Indians, for they could unite and remain united. They had more influence on American history than any other red men.

During Champlain's first long winter in Quebec, he formed an alliance with Algonquin Indians north of the St. Lawrence River and planned to defeat their enemy, the Iroquois. He and two other white men went with a band of Algonquin warriors southward up the Richelieu (rē-shẽ-lyû') River and paddled their canoes out on the lake that now bears Champlain's name. Near Ticondero'ga, they met a band of Iroquois. The Algonquins begged Champlain to use his thunder and lightning, as

they called his firearms. Clad in armor against which the arrows of the Iroquois rattled harmlessly, he stood alone before the astonished savages. He discharged his musket loaded with four balls, which killed two chiefs and wounded a third. Two Frenchmen in ambush also fired a death-dealing volley a moment later, and the Iroquois took to their heels under the belief that their foes had supernatural power. The Algonquins chased them and captured a number of prisoners, whom they kept to torture. In the same year (1609) Henry Hudson and his men, while sailing up the Hudson River (p. 108), treated the Indians in a way that had an important influence on the coming struggle for the mastery of the continent. Hudson made friends of the Iroquois by inviting their chiefs on board his ship the Half Moon and entertaining them with the best eatables and grog. Champlain later (1615) crossed the eastern end of Lake Ontario with a large force of Indians and attacked a fortified

CHAMPLAIN ATTACKING THE IROQUOIS FORTIFIED VILLAGE Notice, at the right, the platform which Champlain constructed to enable him to fire over the fortification into the village.