and I. Object to believe the Complex Clause, He is the man who did it.' Changing the order— I believe he is the man who did it. He is the man who did it, I believe. He is the man who did it. (2) He saw a man whom he had no hesitation in declaring was Laurie. Three Finite Verbs, saw, had, and was; only two Subjects, he and he. Omit 'he had no hesitation in declaring,' and we have' whom was.' 260. The sentence Apprehensive of her father, whom she thought it was she stopped is of a different type. Each of the two Verbs has a Subject, and there is a Verb which might govern whom. The Object to thought, however, is not whom but the clause 'it was whom.' As the Verb to be requires the same Case after as before it, whom should be who. Exercise 102. Correct the following sentences: As an association we can only recommend those whom we think will make good candidates and whom we know are willing to take upon themselves the duties of the office. I became acquainted with one of their elders whom I do not believe was a rogue. The other was from an applicant whom I afterwards learned had only left the office a few minutes before. He was summoned for the maintenance of his wife who it was alleged he had deserted. Opposite him was a stranger whom Mark knew must be the count. He declared things would only end in the taking of his own life or of the man whom he considered had robbed him of his happiness. [Several faults.] He departed in a perfect frenzy of hatred against the single lady whom he believed had brought about all the trouble. Sir H. J. then read over the evidence given by Mr. P. yesterday in respect to the witness whom Mr. P. was informed had at the time of his bankruptcy destroyed the papers... then in his possession. It is always a happiness to be with those we love and whom we know love us. You know surely that La Guyara and the salvation of one whom we believe dwells there was our first object in this adventure. This was as far as he could carry the case that day, as a witness whom he expected would have been present was unfortunately absent. He saw on the night of the burglary a man whom he believed was the accused. Mr. B. then addressed the jury on behalf of Mr. J. who he said he would call to deny the charge against him. Mr. Allen Thorndyke Rice, who, it is announced, President Harrison has appointed American minister to St. Petersburg, is a distinguished journalist. An occasional interchange of newspapers was effected through the medium of a dark servant of the Major's, who Miss Tox was quite content to classify as a native. You will, of course, bestow your hand and fortune upon whomsoever will discover the murderer of your husband. I have heard persons whom I knew were in the habit of using this form. The gag forced into the mouth of whomsoever lifts up his voice with a pure heart to preach his faith-that gag I feel between my own lips. My memory does not serve me as to whom it was. We were betrayed by those whom we thought would have sacrificed everything to help us. We met young Brown, whom all agree is very affable. We were surprised to see the very two individuals [find a better word] whom we thought were miles away. She was annoyed by the presence of Mr. Jekyl, whom her brother insisted should remain to dinner. The great teacher himself, whom he might fear would have passed away, is waiting. She determined to marry nobody, let him be whom he might. The sign of the Good Samaritan is written on the face of whomsoever opens to the stranger. I do not know whom it is I serve. Whom they were I really cannot say. Whomsoever they accused were cast into her peculiar prisons. Distinction between who or which and that. 261. The Relative Pronoun who is used for the names of persons, which for the names of animals and things, and that for all Nouns. A question therefore arises whether any distinction should be made between who and which on the one hand, and that on the other. 262. To understand the distinction proposed, the two functions of Relative Pronouns must be observed. (1) In some sentences Relative Pronouns are simply coordinating. They introduce a new fact, but the antecedent would be complete and definite without them. Examples. In the lane we met a man who had lost his way. Yonder dog which my brother gave me is very intelligent. These sentences may be written In the lane we met a man and he had lost his way. Yonder dog is very intelligent, and my brother gave it to me. (2) In some sentences Relative Pronouns are restrictive. They cannot be resolved into a Conjunction and a Personal Pronoun, and they introduce something without which the antecedent would not be complete and definite. Examples. The man who had lost his way fell over the cliff. Here the Relative Clause tells us what man and what dog; in the preceding examples they told us an additional fact about the man and the dog. 263. Dr. Bain suggests that as who and which are most commonly preferred for co-ordination, it would be a clear gain to confine them to this sense, and to reserve that for the restrictive application alone. This arrangement then would fall in with the most general use of that, especially beyond the limits of formal composition.' 'Higher Grammar, p. 37. 264. If the distinction proposed by Dr. Bain were observed, the sentence I want some medicine for my wife who is ill ''Our translation of St. Matthew's Gospel has been examined for the usage of the several Relatives, by Professor Milligan of Aberdeen, one of the committee for revising the English translation of the New Testament. There are 224 Relative constructions. Of these 175 are in strict accordance with the distinctive uses of who, which, and that as here taught. In forty-three cases who or which is put for that; in six cases that is put for who or which. I believe that there is scarcely one of the exceptional constructions that would not be felt to be improved by being made to conform with the prevailing usage, and Professor Milligan is of the same opinion.'-A Companion to the Higher English Grammar, p. 82. would imply that I have a wife and she is ill; but the sentence I want some medicine for my wife that is ill would imply that I have two or more wives and want medicine for a particular one. 265. Similarly, That noise is too much for my head which aches would imply that I have a head and it aches, while The noise is too much for my head that aches would imply that I have two or more heads and a particular one aches. 266. If the distinction proposed by Dr. Bain were observed, ambiguity would sometimes be avoided. What, for example, is the meaning of the sentence There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury? It may mean that there were few passengers and they all escaped without serious injury. It probably means that of all the passengers very few escaped without serious injury. The use of that would con. vey the latter meaning. 267. Dr. Bain's rule cannot be rigidly adhered to in all cases. In such cases as the following that should not be employed, though the Relative be used restrictively: (1) Where the Antecedent is qualified by that; as Do you know that man that is standing near the door? A sentence like the following, if it had no other fault, should be avoided because of its disagreeable sound : My lords, with humble submission, that that I say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is not that that he should have proved to your lordships. (2) Where the Relative is governed by a Preposition that should be rarely used. He is the man that I depended on is correct; but we cannot say, He is the man on that I depended The use of that, therefore, throws the Preposition to the end of the sentence, and this is open to two objections, (a) An emphatic position is given to an unemphatic word. (b) A considerable number of Prepositions may be used as Adverbs, and when not followed by a Noun or Pronoun seem, at first sight, to be Adverbs. (3) That should be avoided where the Relative is separated from the Antecedent or the Verb by a phrase or clause; as He is a man that [say who] in spite of difficulties must succeed. Exercise 103. (a) Show that the meaning of the following sentences depends the Relative Pronoun chosen : upon -- Progress through the streets was difficult because of the people who} were kept back by the police. Such an action surprised the neighbours [who had not known him long. that] You may visit the Isle of Wight during the next holidays [which] that you will spend at Southsea. I have just met the farmer that On the cliff stand the boatmen [who was going to market. {} that are watching the storm. Swho I was overtaken by my friends {at} accompanied me home. that] These are the boys in the sixth form {at} are studying Greek. thats The mouse {which the little girl was afraid of was a pretty little creature. that S I do not know the There is not a single sentence in this play {which} meaning of. that |