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WAS IRELAND EVER

UNITED?

The Outlook of July 9 publishes an article by Everett P. Wheeler, under the heading "Common Sense about Ireland," to which, with your kind permission, I wish to say a few words in reply.

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Mr. Wheeler states that there never united Ireland, independent of Great Britain, and to prove this assertion he quotes from Justin McCarthy, the historian, as follows:

"The island was divided among native chiefs, who concerned themselves mainly about their local interests, and had, no doubt, their natural rivalries."

This cannot be taken to mean that the people were divided, but evidently refers to the land; and the fact that the people were concerned about their local affairs proves that they were not engaged in strife or civil warfare.

True, Ireland was divided into four petty kingdoms, but all were subject to one monarch, called the "Ard Ri," or King of Ireland, whose seat was at Tara, where also was located the principal Council, or Parliament, which represented the whole

nation.

History and legend both record that this form of government lasted several centuries, and unless there was some degree of cohesion and unity among the people it could not possibly have endured for such a length of time.

The real disunion in Ireland began with the advent of the Norman barons and their followers, and when her Ulster was hatched by religious intolerance which came on the heels of the Reformation, and which has been kept alive and fostered to the present day by every conceivable means as a guard against the danger of unity.

In his brief summary of Irish history Mr. Wheeler cites a number of "indisputable facts," of which the following are samples, namely: that O'Neil proclaimed himself King of Ulster and was killed in an affray by Scottish settlers; that Edmund Burke was the greatest Irish statesman and advocated the union of Ireland with Great Britain; and that Grattan's Parliament refused to pass a bill for Catholic emancipation.

O'Neil never proclaimed himself, nor was he proclaimed, King of Ulster. He was a chieftain who fought against the armies of Elizabeth for a period of ten years, till, finally overwhelmed by superior numbers, he escaped to Rome, where he died an exile.

Edmund Burke was an English statesman, and represented the English constituency of Bristol in the English Parliament, was paymaster of the army, and was the recipient of a large pension. I would consider him very foolish to ruin his career and lose his emoluments by advocating Irish freedom.

Grattan's Parliament never discussed a Catholic emancipation bill; such a measure was never introduced to that body, as it was absolutely unnecessary; the mere fact of the existence of an Irish Parliament acted automatically in the emancipation of the Catholics.

The Act of Union was brought about by coercion, intimidation, and bribery, a transaction stigmatized by Mr. Gladstone as the most shameful and criminal in the annals of history. (See Gladstone's speech on introducing the Home Rule Bill'in 1886.) H. McMANAMY. New York.

What Is Nerve Force?

NERVE Force is an energy created by the nervous system. What it is, we do not know, just as we do not know what electricity is.

We know this of Nerve Force. It is the dominant power of our existence. It governs our whole life. It is Life; for if we knew what nerve force were, we should know the secret of life.

Nerve force is the basic force of the body and mind. The power of every muscle, every organ; in fact, every cell is governed and receives its initial impulse through the nerves. Our vitality, strength and endurance are directly governed by the degree of our nerve force.

If an elephant had the same degree of nerve force as a flea, or an ant, he would jump over mountains and push down skyscrapers. If an ordinary man had the same degree of nerve force as a cat, he could break all athletic records without half trying. This is an example of Muscular Nerve Force.

Mental Nerve Force is indicated by force of character, personal magnetism, moral courage and mental power.

Organic Nerve Force means health and long life.

It is a well-balanced combination of Physical, Mental and Organic Nerve Force that has made Thomas Edison, General Pershing and Charles Schwab and other great men what they are. 95% of mankind are led by the other 5%. It is Nerve Force that does the leading.

In our nerves, therefore, lies our greatest strength; and there, also our greatest weakness-for when our nerve force becomes depleted, through worry, disease, overwork, abuse, every muscle loses its strength and endurance; every organ becomes partly paralyzed, and the mind becomes befogged.

The noted British authority on the nerves, Alfred T. Schofield, says, “It is my belief that the greatest factor in the maintenance of health is that nerves be in order."

Unfortunately few people know that they waste their nerve force, or will admit that it has been more or less exhausted. So long as their hands and knees do not tremble, they cling to the belief that their nerves are strong and sound, which is a dangerous assumption.

How often do we hear of people running from doctor to doctor, seeking relief from a mysterious "something-the-matter" with them, though repeated examinations fail to indicate that any particular organ is weak or diseased.

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It is "nerves " or "you are run down," the doctor tells the victim. Then a "tonic is prescribed, which temporarily gives the nerves a swift kick, and speeds them up, just as a fagged-out horse may be made to speed up by towing him behind an automobile.

The symptoms of nerve exhaustion vary according to individual characteristics, but the development is usually as follows:

First Stage: Lack of energy and endurance; that "tired feeling," especially in the back and knees.

Second Stage: Nervousness; sleeplessness; irritability; decline in sex force; loss of hair; nervous indigestion; sour stomach; in bowels; constipation; irregular gas heart; poor memory; lack of mental en

durance; dizziness; headaches; backaches; neuritis; rheumatism, and other pains.

Third Stage: Serious mental disturbances; fear; undue worry, melancholia; dangerous organic disturbances; suicidal tendencies, and, in extreme cases, insanity.

It is evident that nerve depletion leads to a long train of evils that torture the mind and body. It is no wonder neurasthenics (nerve bankrupts) become melancholy and do not care to live.

If only a few of the symptoms mentioned apply to you, especially those indicating mental instability, you may be sure your are at fault-that you have hausted your Nerve Force.

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Nerve Force is the most precious gift of Nature. It means everything-your happiness, your health, your success in life. You should know all there is to learn about your nerves; how to relax, calm and soothe your nerves, so that after a severe nerve strain you can rebuild your lost Nerve Force, and keep yourself physically and mentally fit.

Paul von Boeckmann, the noted Nerve Culturist, who for 25 years has been the leading authority in America on Breathing, Nerve Culture and Psycho-physics, has written a remarkable book on the Nerves, which teaches how to soothe, calm and care for the nerves. The cost of the book is only 25 cents (coin or stamps). Bound in elegant cloth and gold cover, 50 cents. Address, Paul von Boeckmann, Studio 330, World's Tower Bldg., 110 West 40th St., New York City. You should order the book to-day. It will be a revelation to you and will teach you important facts that willgive you greater Physical, Mental and Organic Nerve Force. If you do not agree that this book teaches you the most important lesson on Health and Mental Efficiency you have ever read, your money will be refunded by return mail, plus the outlay of postage you may have incurred.

The author of Nerve Force has advertised his various books on Health and Nerve Culture in the standard magazines of America during the last twenty years, which is ample evidence of his responsibility and integrity. The following are extracts from letters written by grateful people who have read the book:

"I have gained 12 pounds since reading your book and I feel so energetic. I had about given up hope of ever finding the cause of my low weight.""

"Your book did more for me for indigestion than two courses in dieting."

"My heart is now regular again and my nerves are fine. I thought I had heart trouble, but it was simply a case of abused nerves. I have re-read your book at least ten times."

"The advice given in your book on relaxation and calming my nerves has cleared my brain. Before I was half dizzy all the time."

A physician says: "Your book shows you have a scientific and profound knowledge of the nerves and nervous people. I am recommending your book to my patients."

A prominent lawyer in Ansonia, Conn., says: "Your book saved me from a nervous collapse such as I had three years ago. now sleep soundly and am gaining weight. I can again do a real day's work." [Advertisement]

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THE PROPOSED ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE

AUGUST 6, 1919

that it be submitted at the same time as the general Treaty, it was sufficient for

IN transmitting to the Senate the spe- placing that provision in the text. It was

cial treaty with France by which the United States would agree to help in defending France against German aggression, the President urged it not only on the ground of our special obligation to France, but also on the ground of the special exigency which will exist pending the organization of the League of Nations. He declared that it was an arrange ment "not independent of the League of Nations, but under it." Announcing that Great Britain volunteers the same promise, he interpreted the agreement as follows:

Two Governments who wish to be members of the League of Nations ask leave of the Council of the League to be permitted to go to the assistance of a friend whose situation has been found to be one of peculiar peril, without awaiting the advice of the League to act.

For some reason not as yet forthcoming it has been assumed that this proposed special treaty with France was withheld from publication in the United States when it was known in France and England. On July 24 it was read as news in the United States Senate by Senator Brandegee. As a matter of fact, it was published in the United States broadcast on July 3 and 4, at the very time it was published in the London "Times" and in the "Figaro" of Paris. This complaint concerning an imaginary grievance has diverted public attention from a complaint which, whether justified or not, has a basis of fact.

According to this agreement as framed in Paris and accepted by the President, it is provided (in Article IV) that "it shall be submitted to the Senate of the United States of America at the same time as the Treaty of Versailles shall be submitted for assent to ratification."

On July 10 President Wilson submitted the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate, but did not submit the FrancoAmerican treaty. In fact, he distinctly said that he would reserve submission of that treaty to a later date. Of course, although the individual Senators were aware of the treaty and might have had the text of its provisions before them, neither the Senate nor any committee of the Senate could officially act upon it or have it under consideration as a matter of business which has any parliamentary rights until it was formally and officially submitted to the Senate.

Whatever the reason was for requiring

the one provision by which the President was bound by the mere fact that he had negotiated it.

It has been said on behalf of the President by Senator John Sharp Williams that the purport of that provision was to make it certain that the two treaties should be before the Senate at the same time, and that as soon as the FrancoAmerican agreement was submitted the two treaties would be before the Senate at the same time. That, however, is not the wording of the provision. There are few things which a nation should make with so great care, and, when made, should guard and keep so scrupulously as a promise.

Now that the treaty has been submitted, it can be officially considered. It is not a rash pledge that is proposed. In effect it is simply an assurance to France that America will not leave to France alone the responsibility of repelling any assault upon the victory which America helped to win. Mere fairness to the partner that is closest to peril requires that we give her this as

surance.

FURTHER PROBLEMS
OF PEACE

Five years ago last week AustriaHungary launched its attack on Serbia. Last week Austria and Hungary, separated from one another, shorn of territory occupied by their formerly subject peoples, and shaken by political disturb ances and physical violence, were objects of special consideration by the Peace Conference in Paris. On July 8 Austria had received the rest of the terms which had first been handed over to her on

June 2, shortly after her delegates arrived at St. Germain. Austria has now, therefore, practically the full text of the Treaty as the Peace Conference proposes it. As in the case of Germany, ample time was given to Austria to consider the terms and to make suggestions for modification. Dr. Renner, the head of the Austrian delegation, has declared the terms to be so severe as to be impossible of fulfillment.

Of course Austria's case is different. from that of Germany. The AustroHungarian Empire has disappeared. Austria itself, as it survives the wreck, represents only a minority of the people of the old Empire, and cannot carry all,'

or even one-half, of the burden which might have been laid upon the Empire if it had remained intact. Somebody, however, has got to bear that burden. The question has been how to distribute that among the various peoples formerly constituting the Empire, and particularly how to apportion it between those peoples who constitute openly enemy states and those peoples who have been absorbed by the Allied and Associated Powers. It is an exceedingly difficult question. It is too complicated to set forth in anything less than a treatise. It is plain, however, that at best the Austrians will have to carry a burden of great weight for many years to come.

Hungary is a much more disturbing factor at present than Austria. The Peace Conference has announced that unless the Government of Bela Kun, which has been attempting to form a kind of partnership with the Bolsheviki of Russia, is overthrown the Allies will not lift the blockade. The difficulty seems to be that a considerable proportion of Bela Kun's strength has been due, not to his Bolshevism, but to what we in America would call his jingoism. He wants to keep within Hungary as many of the subject peoples as possible. So there has been fighting between the Hungarians and Czechoslovaks on one side. and the Hungarians and Rumanians on the other. There has been a lack of strong and firm policy at Paris.

While representatives of the Great Powers have been discussing plans as to what they are going to do in future years, they have failed to act with firmness or with much evidence of co-operation in dealing with such wars as these Hungarian-Rumanian and Hungarian-Czechoslovak wars in the present. The Hungarians are still an enemy people, and it gives only an impression of weakness to attempt to withstand their aggressiveness by offering them threats when the Powers ought to act unitedly in enforcing obedience to the terms of the armistice. What is needed is the exercise of police power.

TWO DILEMMAS IN THE
PROHIBITION BILL

On July 22 the bill to enforce both war-time prohibition and the Prohibition Amendment was passed by the House of Representatives.

In framing this measure the legislators encountered two difficulties for which it is not easy to see a satisfactory solution.

In the first place, the question arose

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