PAWLOW, Type de système nerveux à prédominance des processus inhibiteurs. Experiments on dogs to determine the reflex conditions under which inhibitions arise.

PROKOFIEN et ZÉLIONY, Des modes d'associations cérébrales chez l'homme et chez les individus. Experiments on the reflexes that occur in man in continued response to a given stimulus.

RABAUD, L'instinct maternel chez quelques araignées. A preliminary study of the maternal instinct in certain spiders leads to the view that the instinct is determined by an internal secretion.

Ibid. October, 1926.

EPHRUSSI, Les limites de la méthode objective en psychopathologie et en psychiatrie. A critical examination of Watson's 'Behaviorism' and Bechterew's reflexology,' the latter maintaining that man's every action is a reflex.

J. VINCHON, Une mystique du Tyrol: Marie de Moerl. An account written by her last confessor of a mystic born in 1812. The symptoms include left hemiplegia and anaesthesia suddenly cured, various stigmata, hallucinations, etc., besides the common mystical reunion with the Divine. Hysteria accounts for some of the phenomena. Vivid imagination, intense affectivity characterize the mystic, but are an insufficient explanation of this peculiar

state.

Ibid. No. 9, November, 1926.

A. OMBREDANE, Sur le mécanisme de l'anarthrie. A detailed study of the mechanism of motor aphasia in a case of syphilitic hemiplegia.

Ibid. No. 10, December, 1926.

P. SOLLIER, Le temps de réaction à l'arrêt. Experiments to determine the reaction at the moment when a work is suddenly stopped; it is found that this takes place much more slowly when work is begun in response to any stimulus.

Ibid. 24th Year, No. 1, January, 1927.

P. GUILLAUME, Les débuts de la phrase dans le langage de l'enfant. Phrases, whether understood or spoken, appear before words; there is reason to believe that the latter is much delayed. There is a gradual but continuous absorption of words. The general sense of phrases, expressive of love, play, command, etc., are realized, then the forms and the words of the language. The child selects from all he hears and does not passively imitate.

A. VAN GENNEP, Le Saint Jean dans les croyances et coutumes populaires de la Savoie. A continuation of the writer's detailed descriptions of the folklore of Savoy.

BOURDON, Illusions provoquées par une diplopie. A slight left diploplia gave rise to the following kinds of illusions: (1) kinematoscopic; (2) increased size of one image; (3) the direction of attention affects the localization of the image.

MASSON-OURSEL, Les techniques orientales de la concentration. A description of the four different methods employed by eastern doctors to attain concentration.

Ibid. No. 2, February, 1927.

PIERON, La psychologie comme science du comportement et le behaviorisme. Psychology has as object the conduct of organisms and demands multiple methods of investigation.

DUGAS, La psychologie pathologique. Psychopathology is an essential adjunct of psychology; it has a practical value, but also one of high scientific interest. We owe the understanding of the unconscious, of images, of personality largely to psychopathology.

LANDREY, La psychologie du cinéma.

COURBON, Sur la pensée mystique et la pensée morbide. Mystical thinking is different from morbid thinking, but it is abnormal. Mystical thinking conforms to primitive laws; morbid thinking is more complicated-it has no laws or limitations.

Ibid. No. 3, March, 1927.

LUQUET, La critique de la raison pratique chez les Yagan de la Terre-de-Feu. An account of the religious (monotheistic) and ethical conceptions of the Yagan of Tierra-del-Fuego, whom early reporters, e.g. Darwin, considered to have no religious beliefs; the Yagan has not only a ritual, but highly developed ideas of the soul, of immortality, etc.

PIAGET, L'explication de l'ombre chez l'enfant. There are four stages in the understanding of the shadow by a child. At first it appears to emanate from the child and belongs to the night-finally the true explanation is reached.

PASSEMARD, Quelques observations sur des chimpanzées. A series of observations on the behaviour of a family of chimpanzees; traits of character, obstinacy, affection, etc., are noted.

Bullettino della Società fra i cultori in Cagliari, 1926.

This bulletin reappears after an interval of some years and is to continue regularly.

VANZETTI, Nuovi aspetti delle realtà fisico-chemicale. Recent discoveries in physics and chemistry are discussed in relation to their psychological significance.

Archives de Psychologie, Tome XIX, No. 76.

ED. CLAPARÈDE, Les temps de réaction et la psychologie appliquée. Great uncertainty exists among psychologists as to the value of the reaction time test. To determine whether there are individual differences in reaction times and whether the rapidity of reaction is a constant for any individual, experiments have been carried out on a number of school children. The reaction time is the resultant of a number of variables, which require disentangling: some of these are physical, some mental.

LEA FEJGIN, Expériences sur la constance des temps de réaction simple. Experiments on twelve adults, conducted as far as possible for each subject. under constant conditions.

The results show how difficult it is to find any constant; for the individual this is apparently better for visual than for auditory reactions.

BERTHA KRAUS, Comparaison des réactions simples et discriminatives. Experiments to determine the relation between simple and control reactions; tables of results are given.

RABINOVITCH et ROSSOLIMO-SAVITCH, La valeur des tests de Binet pour l'examen des enfants arriérés et psychopathes. The Binet-Simon tests, however valuable for normal and (educationally) backward children, are not applicable to the examination of defective and psychopathic children.

Ibid. Tome XX, No. 77.

LARGUIER DES BANCELS, Prélogiques et Civilisés. The English anthropological school claims an essential identity between the mind of the savage and the civilized; the French (Durkheim, Levy-Bruehl) deny this. The writer quotes a number of considerations favouring the English point of view.

GEORGES DE MORSIER, L'Erotomanie. A clinical and psychopathological study of five cases of erotomania (Esquirol's term). Two main factors determine the condition: (1) intellectual deterioration; (2) an unusually intensive affective state. (1) is constitutional, (2) is acquired.

Ibid. Tome xx, No. 78.

ADRIEN NAVILLE, La contradiction et l'esprit humain. Contends against Levy-Bruehl that the irrationality, the contradiction found by this writer in the thoughts of primitives is not invariably real, it is often merely verbal.

HENRI FLOURNOY, L'enseignement psychiatrique d'Adolf Meyer. A welldocumented account (7 pages) of Adolf Meyer's theories, practice and teaching, with a bibliography. (Part has appeared in this Journal, vol. VI, p. 85.)

M. D. EDER.

Annales Médico-Psychologiques, vol. LXXXIV, No. 2, February, 1926. NATHAN, Schizoïde, Imagination et Mythomanie. Despite the differences that Claude and others find, the schizoid and the mythomanic have in common the prevalence of subjective over objective truth. Two cases are cited in support of this view. Nathan doubts whether the term schizoid should be applied to any case where vivid imagination is lacking.

Ibid. No. 4, April, 1926.

ROBIN, Les haines familiales en pathologie mentale. It is in cases of schizoimania that the clearest examples of family hate are found; this plays also a considerable part in obsessions and phobias. Hatred is sometimes conscious, but more often unconscious, and is the key to the morbid syndrome. It is here that Freud's oedipus complex gives the solution. Family hatred may have a constitutional basis (psychosis); may be due to some real or imaginary wrong, or may be a combination of these factors. In treatment, a correct diagnosis is, as always, the first essential: antisyphilitic treatment for some cases, psychoanalysis for others, according to basic conditions.

Ibid. No. 5, May, 1926.

WIZEL, Les formes frustes de la schizophrénie. The forme fruste is distinguished by the absence of hallucinations, delirium, catatonia or acute symptoms. The patients are entirely absorbed by their inner life with an unlimited tendency to dreaminess the external world does not exist the critical faculty is absent. Wizel regards the schizomania of Claude and his pupils as typical examples of the forme fruste of Bleuler's schizophrenia.

Ibid. No. 1, June, 1926.

NATHAN, Le doute de soi-même. Self-doubt is described under its three chief forms: physical, intellectual, moral. Apart from paranoics, it may be said that nurture plays the preponderant part in the self-doubter; anyone, given a certain educational environment or subject to certain stresses, may fall into a state of self-doubting-temporary or permanent.

Ibid. vol. XXXIV, No. 1, January, 1927.

BOVEN, La Complexion des schizophrènes. A study of the physiognomy and physique of schizophrenics and their relationship to the mental condition. Ibid. vol. xxxv, No. 1, January 1927.

CAPGRAS, Crimes et Délires Passionnels. Clinical and psychological investigation of criminal cases leads to a differentiation between crime committed in passion and in delirium. Delirium is a psychopathic state, but passion is not necessarily pathological, although it may be. M. D. EDER.

REVIEWS.

Malarial Psychoses and Neuroses, their medical, sociological and legal aspects. By WILLIAM K. ANDERSON, M.D., F.R.F.P.S.(Glas.). Oxford Medical Publications. London: Milford, Oxford University Press. 1927. (Cr. 4to. Pp. viii+395; 18 figures, 4 plates. 42s. net.)

It is perhaps a little surprising that the mental aspects of such a wide spread disease have received so little attention even in standard works on mental disorders. This monograph is therefore most welcome. The title does less than justice to the ground covered, for the author has included in his survey malaria in history, the relation of malaria to racial degeneration, and surgical considerations. The pathology of the nervous system is described in detail and is illustrated by plates from the works of Čerletti. A chapter is devoted to the clinical pathology of the autonomic and endocrine systems in which the author describes vagotonic and sympatheticotonic features in the various stages of the malarial paroxysm. The wealth of material which Dr Anderson has collected from the literature and has amplified from his own experience renders it the more remarkable that a malarial etiology is so seldom considered in psychiatric work. Even Kraepelin devoted only a few lines in his 'Psychiatrie to this topic. Of course it is well recognized that efficiency is impaired and that fatigue and exhaustion states, forms of so-called 'tropical neurasthenia,' may result from malaria and that the cachexia of chronic aestivo-autmunal infection has important mental accompaniments. Delirium, confusional episodes and coma are common symptoms of 'cerebral' malaria. The author does not exaggerate when he states that confusion is probably the commonest single feature of the malarial insanities.

We are glad to note that Dr Anderson speaks of 'clinical' dementia praecox and says "it would be hard to say whether the cases of this series which had remained ill beyond a year were cases of true dementia praecox with malarial infection or whether permanent brain changes, as might easily be, had resulted. from the malaria and gone on to some degree of weak-mindedness or dementia." In this connection the author points out the similarity of certain pathological changes in the nervous system both of malaria and of dementia praecox, particularly lipoid degeneration and affection of the stellate intercalary cells. It is doubtful if the findings of Alzheimer and Mott will be found to remain peculiar to dementia praecox and perhaps more intensive study of schizophrenic features in the symptomatology of various infections may lead one to revise the whole conception of dementia praecox as a clinical entity. Dr Anderson's observations, therefore, are of particular interest. In an unconvincing description of malarial general paralysis' a case is quoted in which spirochaetal infection is excluded only by the history and in which malaria is considered the only explanation. In this otherwise comprehensive work there is no mention of the malarial treatment of general paralysis. One is at a loss to appreciate the exact significance of the author's description of Psychasthenia. He states "Under this heading has been grouped a class of case which is closely allied to mental confusion on the one hand, and to neurasthenia on the other. It may, in fact, be looked upon as a transition stage, or at least an Med. Psyc. VII

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