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TEMPERAMENTAL TESTS1.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO SOME
TRAITS OF CHARACTER AND TEMPERAMENT.

BY ELEANOR A. ALLEN.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Part I. Introduction (pp. 393-394).

Part II. Procedure (pp. 394-408).

The Tests used.

The Subjects.

1. The Word Reaction Test (pp. 394-399).
Procedure in the Word Reaction Test.
Instructions.

Method of getting a Quantitative Mark from the Time Reaction.
Grouping of Replies.

Treatment.

Treatment of the Emotion Values.

List of Stimulus Words.

Specimens of Reaction Papers as marked.

(1) Specimen of a case with Even Reaction Times.

(2) Specimen of a case with Uneven Reaction Times.

2. The Pressey Test (pp. 399-400).

Procedure with the Pressey Test.

3. The Questionnaire (pp. 400-405).

4. Rankings from Friends (p. 406).

The Rankings obtained from Friends.
Treatment.

Form used for the Friends' Ranking.

5. Treatment of the Five 'Values' obtained from these Tests (p. 407).

6. Course of the work. (pp. 407-408).

1 From a thesis approved by the University of London for the degree of Doctor of

Philosophy.

Med. Psych. VII

Part III. Individual Qualitative Results (pp. 408-415).

1. Examination of the Results of the Reaction Test with regard to Individual Character and Temperament (pp. 408-409).

2. Types of Reply in the Reaction Test (pp. 409-410).

3. Assigning of Difficult Replies (p. 410).

4. The Emotion Values (pp. 410-414).

Emotion Values and Reaction Times.

An Example of Delayed Reply and Zero Emotion Value.
Delayed Reply with a Blank.

Delayed Reply and High Emotion Value.

5. General Emotionality (pp. 414-415).

6. Some other points (pp. 415).

Part IV. Quantitative Results (pp. 416-445).

1. General (pp. 416-417).

2. Table I. Reliability for Individuals (pp. 416-418).

3. The Reliability of Traits. Diagonal figures in Tables V-IX (pp. 418-421).

4. Table II. Intercorrelations of Tests for Individual Cases. Graph illustrating the 1st column. Examination of the Negative Correlations between the Reaction Test and Questionnaire (pp. 421-426).

5. Table III. Intercorrelations of Traits in the different Tests (pp. 426428).

6. Table IV. Predominance of Traits: A in all Cases, B in Male and Female Cases. Graphs illustrating Table IV (pp. 428-433).

7. Table V. Correlation of Traits in the Reaction Test (pp. 433–434). 8. Table VI. Correlation of Traits in the Questionnaire (pp. 434-438). 9. Table VII. Correlation of Traits in the Emotion Values (pp. 438441).

10. Table VIII. Correlation of Traits in the Pressey Test (pp. 441-442). 11. The Pressey Test and the Emotion Values compared (p. 442).

12. Note on advantage or disadvantage of general emotionality' (p. 443). 13. Table IX. Correlation of Traits in the Friends' Rankings (pp. 443445).

Part V. Summary of Chief Conclusions (pp. 445-446).

1. The Tests (p. 445).

2. Psychological Results (p. 446).

PART I. INTRODUCTION.

THE present research is an experiment in the application of those methods that are yielding results in Cognitive Tests to Tests of Affective and Conative traits. Comparatively little has been done in getting quantitative measures of instinctive traits. They are admittedly important, but present many difficulties. And although there are many workers in the field of Character and Temperament, there are few results of a kind to guide the present investigation.

Its problem is that of ascertaining to what extent certain tests applied with the object of measuring such traits as Fear and Pugnacity, Self-assertion and Submission succeed in this aim, and to what extent they are reliable. As mental tests they fall on the Affective and Conative side rather than on the Cognitive side. The title 'Temperamental' was given to indicate this, rather than that the tests are tests of Temperament. For whereas in the popular use Temperament is often used broadly with a qualifying adjective to indicate some leading trait, as when one speaks of "a cheerful temperament," it is used by some writers to mean those aspects of character that correspond to the physical development, particularly the development of the ductless glands. And this investigation does not extend to physical tests, though that would have been interesting.

Temperamental tests suffer from the difficulty that subjects are shy of them. Many people feel, no doubt rightly, that their temperament cannot be summed up under a typical name; that it presents many contradictory features, and a richness that is not to be summed in figures.

Another difficulty is to find any method of applying a quantitative scale, and to make tests that are comparable.

Hesitations were, however, resolved by setting to work. The tests chosen were individual and involve a good deal of time for the reagents. They are also long in treatment. Yet they presented sufficient features of interest to make it worth carrying through a considerable amount of quantitative work upon the original material.

These results this paper seeks to present. It aims at making the procedure clear, and at giving the tables showing the reliability and the intercorrelations of the tests used. The intercorrelations of the separate tests tend to show that the traits used do succeed in defining opposing characteristics, for, where between like traits the correlation. is positive, between the opposing traits (when these are strongly marked) it is negative.