to complete the work, which the author intends soon to bring out in an English translation also.

On the reformatory movements in the Church of Rome, before the Reformation of the sixteenth century, France produced some years ago one of the best works on the subject, namely, Bonnechose, Reformers before the Reformation: Huss, Gerson and the Council of Constance. This work has now reached its third edition. Another Protestant book on this subject, recently issued, is Peyrat, The Reformers of France and Italy in the Twelfth Century, (Les Reformateurs de la France, etc., Paris, 1860.)

Among other important Protestant publications are the following:

Gaussen, Le Canon des Saintes écritures au double point de vue de la science et de la foi. (Lausanne, 1860, 2 vols.) An English translation of this work has already been announced.

Vinet, Histoire de la Predication parmi les reformés de France au xvii siecle. (Paris, 1860.)

Scherer, Mélanges de critique religieuse. (Paris, 1860.)

Of a French translation of the Church History of Hase, the first volume has appeared. (Paris, 1860.)

Among the last published volumes of Abbé Migne's Patrologia Cursus Completus, are the works of Johannes Johannes Scholasticus, Anastasius Sinaita, and others.

Damascenus,

Abbé Bautain, who in point of talents has not many equals among the writers of the Roman Church, has published a new extensive work on Conscience as the Rule of Human Actions. (La Conscience, Paris, 1860.)

A new edition of the celebrated work of Hippolytus, which has now been for some ten years, and still is, the subject of so brisk a controversy in theological literature, has been issued by Abbé Cruice, (Philosophæmena, etc., Paris, 1860,) with an introduction which reviews the progress of the controversy up to 1860.

ART. XII. — SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES, AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS.

American Quarterly Reviews.

SOUTHERN PRESBYTERIAN REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. National Sins: A Fast Day Sermon. 2. Vital Force. 3. The Manner of Altering our Doctrinal Standards. 4. Tlie Princeton Review and Presbyterianism. 5. Presbyterian Authorities on Theories of the Eldership. 6. The State of the Country.

PRESBYTERIAN QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Paganism a Demon Worship. 2. Laurentius Valla. 3. The Inward Light. 4. The Hebrew Language and Literature. 5. Evangelism of the Eighteenth Century.

NEW ENGLANDER, January, 1861.-1. China and the West. 2. The Maronites and the Druses. 3. Solar Phenomena. 4. The Design and Nature of Punishment under the Divine Government. 5. Does Science Tend to Materialism? 6. Latin Pronunciation. 7. Puritan History. 8. The Pulpit and the Crisis.

QUARTERLY REVIEW OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH, January, 1861.-1. Education for the Ministry. 2. Recent Anglican Philology. 3. Philosophic Import and Value of the First Chapter of Genesis in its Applications to Organic Nature. 4. Cleveland's TextBooks, 5. Philosophy of Representation. 6. Introduction of Children into the Church. 7. Apparitions of the Dead. 8. The Rev. Littleton Fowler.

MERCERSBURG REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. The Epistle to the Galatians Translated and Explained. 2. The Marvelous in Modern Times. 3. English Versions of the Heidelberg Catechism. 4. Our Alumni Association.

UNIVERSALIST QUARTERLY AND GENERAL REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. The Religion of Zoroaster. 2. Limitations of Human Nature as an Authority in Religious Doctrine. 3. A Preacher on Preaching. 4. Jephthah and his Daughter. 5. What shall we be? 6. Rawlinson's HerodotusThe Ancient Empires. 7. God's Presence, Psalm lxxxix.

BROWNSON'S QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1861.—1. Ward's Philosophic Introduction. 2. Catholic Education in the United States. 3. Separation of Church and State. 4. Seminaries and Seminarians. 5. Harmony of Faith and Reason.

THEOLOGICAL AND LITERARY JOURNAL, January, 1861.-1. Mr. Gascoyne's Theory of the Apocalypse. 2. Dr. Barth's Travels and Discoveries in Africa. 3. Reply to the Errors and Misrepresentations of J. R. Blake. 4. The Golden Image, Daniel iii. Nebuchadnezzar's Vision of the Tree, Daniel iv. 5. Designation and Exposition of the Figures in Isaiah, chapters lxi, lxii, lxiii.

UNITED PRESBYTERIAN QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Philosophical Theology. 2. Forbearance. 3. The Ruling Elder. 4. Tractarianism Traced to its Sources. 5. The Theology of Art. 6. The Settlement of the Reformed Churches in Western Pennsylvania. 7. Individual Effort. 8. The Second Assembly.

AMERICAN QUARTERLY CHURCH REVIEW AND ECCLESIASTICAL REGISTER, January, 1861.-1. Limits of Thought. 2. George S. Yerger. 3. Lord Macaulay and Bishop Burnet. 4. Spurgeon and his Sermons. 5. R. T. S. Lowell's Poems. 6. Laymen's Rights-Layman's Letter to the Editor. 7. The Position of Romanism in America. American Ecclesiastical History: Early Journals of General Conventions.

EVANGELICAL REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. The Laborer, the Artisan, and the Artist. 2. Chiliasm Critically Examined, etc. 3. The Ministerium. 4. Baccalaureate Address. 5. The Master's Call to His Church.

CHRISTIAN REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Macaulay's Essays. 2. Infant Baptism: its Origin traceable to the Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration. 3. The Sensibilities. 4. The Inspiration of the Apostles. 5. Conant's Matthew. 6. Roman Orthoepy. 7. Study of International Law. NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Cotton and the Cotton Trade. 2. Giuseppe Garibaldi. 3. The Temporal Power of the Church. 4. Sir William Hamilton's Metaphysics. 5. Charles Robert Leslie. 6. Illuminating Gas. 7. Trübner's Guide to American Literature. 8. Hallam as a Historian. 9. The Oxford Clergymen's Attack on Christianity. 10. Recent French Literature. 11. Hunting in the Himalaya. 12. Tischendorf's Discoveries in the East.

UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY, January 1861.-1. The Dangers of the Student. 2. Scottish Song Writing. 3. The Life of Feeling. 4. Cambridge University, England. 5. The Library of Columbia College. 6. Skepticism in American Colleges. 7. Observations on Greenland, No. II.

8. Philosophy of Common Sense. 9. Mrs. Stowe and her Critics. 10. The Use of Books. 11. Music in College. News Articles: Amherst College, Bowdoin College, Columbia College Law School, Hamilton College, Harvard University, Marietta College, Oberlin College, Troy University, Union College, University of the City of New York, University of Vermont, Williams College, Yale College, Beloit College, Kenyon College, The University Quarterly Association.

BIBLIOTHECA SACRA AND BIBLICAL REPOSITORY, January, 1861.-1. Theodore Parker. 2. The Theology of Sophocles. 3. The Philosophy of Sir William Hamilton, and its recent Theological Applications. 4. The Christian Law of Self-sacrifice. 5. Review of Palfrey's History of New England.

BIBLICAL REPERTORY AND PRINCETON REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. The State of the Country. 2. Antiquity of the Book of Genesis. 3. The New Oxford School; or, Broad Church Liberalism. 4. The Fulfillment of Prophecy. 5. Liverpool Missionary Conference of 1860; or, Results of Missionary Experience. 6. The Alexandrine and Sinaitic Manuscripts.

The article on the State of the Country, attributed to the editor, Dr. Hodge, is remarkable not only for ability, but for an advance of an unexpected degree on the subject of American slavery. It is a cheering token that truth and freedom are invading the strongholds of pseudo-conservatism. Yet far ahead as the avowals are of Dr. Hodge's former utterances on the subject, the article is but a faint response to the voice of Christendom at the present crisis. But-quod faustum felixque sit-the world moves, and a few more of its revolutions may wheel even venerable Princeton into sympathy with the advancing feeling of the age.

AMERICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Julian the Apostate. 2. The English Tongue a New Speech. 3. New England Theology: The Edwardean Period. 4. Isaac La Peyrere and his Book, the Preadamites. 5. Jourdain's Philosophy of Aquinas. 6. Olshausen on a New Probation after death. 7. Sir William Hamilton's Theory of Knowledge. 8. The Ante-Nicene Trinitarianism.

The American Theological Review exhibits manifest signs not only of permanence, but prosperity. It appears in an enlarged and improved form. The article by the editor on Sir William Hamilton is marked by a very complete mastery of the subject, and takes a very discriminating measurement of that eminent man.

Somewhat curious is the exhumation of Isaac La Peyrere in the fourth article; a random thinker in theology, who blundered into some notions that modern research has rather verified. He was born at Bourdeaux in 1594; was educated as a Calvinistic Protestant; became a Romanist of no very earnest type, and died in 1676. He first advocated on Scripture grounds the doctrines that the deluge

was not universal, and that human races existed previous to the time of Adam. Of his Preadamite theory and its grounds an account is given in the following paragraphs:

"In the first Epistle to the Corinthians, where Adam is named the first man, the language is figurative and has its counterpart in the designation of Christ as the second man.' Adam and Christ are here set as landmarks in the judicial history of the race-opposite termini of imputation-and as, by the one, sin, which is the transgression of the law, entered into the world, and through sin death; so, by the other, deliverance from sin came into the world, and by that deliverance life. As Christ was not the last man in time, so Adam was not the first man, but each stands in a definite relation to all men who have existed, or are yet to be.

"Peyrere founds his theory on that passage of the Scriptures which has in all ages furnished matter for theological speculation, the fifth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans. The words of the thirteenth verse, 'for until the law sin was in the world: but sin is not imputed when there was no law," is made the keystone of the argument. The law,' in this passage, he contends, cannot mean the law given to Moses, but the law given to Adam. For the apostle is speaking of the great transgression which brought sin and death into the world; and the law mentioned in the context is obviously related to that transgression. Law and transgression are correlative terms, so that the conditions which fix the one must determine also the other. The transgression of which the apostle speaks was committed by Adam; but the law of Moses was given to the Jews and transgressed by the Jews alone. Hence the law is not that which was given to Moses, but that which was given to Adam; and it was by the transgression of this law that all men were made sinners and death passed upon the race. And this the apostle directly confirms by the words: 'Sin is not imputed where there is no law.' For,' says Peyrere, 'I cannot understand, by the most careful thinking, how it can be proved that sin was not imputed during the time which elapsed from Adam to Moses. Every event in that period shows that there was imputation of sin. Why did Cain fear when he had slain his brother, saying: "My iniquity is too great for pardon." Why should pardon be refused if iniquity was not to be imputed to him? Why was Judah unwilling to stain his hands with the blood of his brother Joseph, or what was the stain which he feared if it was not imputation? Abraham's faith was not imputed to him for righteousness, and the imputation of faith presupposes the imputation of sin.' In this way the sacred history is made to afford proof that sin was imputed to man from Adam to Moses. But if sin was not imputed until the law, it follows that the law referred to by the apostle is the law revealed to Adam. And this law, the grand primal law, or law of laws, is called, per excellentiam, the law.

Having settled this question of interpretation, Peyrere is prepared to define the periods of time which the language of the passage clearly implies: the first, before the law: the second, after the law. The first is described in the words, 'for until the law, sin was in the world,' etc.; but the law here mentioned is the law given to Adam, and consequently the time referred to is a period prior to the creation of Adam. During this period, according to the testimony of the apostle, there was sin in the world; for there was sin even to the law, though there was no imputation of sin. It must be admitted, therefore, that men existed before Adam, who indeed sinned, 'sed qui non peccavissent imputative,' because sin was not imputed before the law.

"Peyrere anticipated the horror with which many would receive it; but he claims that just as the succession of day and night has not been affected by the Copernican theory of astronomy, so the doctrine that there were men before Adam practically changes nothing in the Christian faith. The fundamental fact of this faith is that men are counted guilty in Adam, but righteous in Christ. As it was not necessary that Christ should be the last of the race in order to rescue it from sin, so it was not requisite that Adam should be the first member of the series of beings on which he brought condemnation."

English Reviews.

EDINBURGH REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Church Expansion and Liturgical Revision. 2. Japan and the Japanese. 3. The Victoria Bridge. 4. Political Ballads of England and Scotland. 5. Ocean Telegraphy. 6. Autobiography of Dr. A. Carlyle. 7. Motley's History of the United Netherlands. 8. Forbes and Tyndall on the Alps and their Glaciers. 9. The Kingdom of Italy. 10. Naval Organization.

WESTMINSTER REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Ancient Danish Ballads. 2. Alcohol What becomes of it in the Living Body. 3. Canada. 4. Bible Infallibility: “Evangelical Defenders of the Faith." 5. The Neapolitan and Roman Questions. 6. American Slavery: the Impending Crisis. 7. Cavour and Garibaldi. 8. Dante and his English Translators.

NORTH BRITISH REVIEW, February, 1861.-1. India Convalescent. 2. Shelley and his Recent Biographers. 3. Large Farms and the Peasantry of the Scottish Lowlands. 4. Lord Dundonald. 5. Modern Necromancy. 6. Engineering and Engineers. 7. The Political Press-French, British, and German. 8. Home Ballads and Poems. 9. Hessey's Bampton Lecture. 10. Dr. Carlyle's Autobiography. 11. Lord Palmerston and our Foreign Policy.

LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. Canada and the Northwest. 2. The Welsh and their Literature. 3. The United Netherlands. 4. The Iron Manufacture. 5. Italy. 6. The Dogs of History and Romance. 7. The Income-Tax and its Rivals.

JOURNAL OF SACRED LITERATURE AND BIBLICAL RECORD, October, 1860.— 1. Elijah at the Brook Cherith, and at Zarephath. 2. Düsterdieck and others on the Apocalypse. 3. The Morality of Religious Controversy. 4. Exegesis of Difficult Texts. 5. The Genealogies of our Lord. 6. Epiphanius on the Day of the Crucifixion Passover. 7. Preaching to the Spirits in Prison, etc. 8. On the Parables of the New Testament. 9. The Genesis of the Earth and of Man. 10. The Atonement. BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE, January, 1861.-1. The Political Year. 2. The Purist Prayer-Book. 3. Uncivilized Man. 4. English Embassies to China. 5. Horror: a True Tale. 6. What's a Grilse? 7. Norman Sinclair: an Autobiography-Part XII. 8. A Merry Christmas. 9. The Indian Civil Service-Its Rise and Fall.

February, 1861.-1. School and College Life: its Romance and Reality. 2. Carthage and its Remains. 3. Spontaneous Generation. 4. The Transatlantic Telegraph-Iceland Route. 5. Norman Sinclair: An Autobiography-Part XIII. 6. Biographia Dramatica. 7. Judicial Puzzles-Eliza Fenning. 8. The Foreign Secretary.

French Reviews.

REVUE DES DEUX MONDES, Octobre 15, 1860.-1. De L'Avenir Religieux des Sociétés Modernes. 2. La Centralisation en France. 3. Mademoiselle du Plessé, Seconde et Dernière Partie. 4. L'Angleterre et la Vie Anglaise.-X.-L'Armée et les Volontaires -II. Institutions et Mœurs