the older writers with fo great acuteness, weighing their excellence or detecting their errors, that his judgment was correct almost to perfection. This Julianus had the following opinion on the Enthymeme, which is in Cicero's oration for Cn. Plancius. I will firft cite the words which gave rise to that opinion:

"Yet the owing of money and of kindness are different things: he who pays money instantly ceases to have that which he has paid, for he who is in debt keeps back another man's money. But he who pays kindness, ftill has it; and he who has it',

2 Enthymeme.]-This, in logic and rhetoric, is an argument confifting of two propofitions-an antecedent, and a confequence immediately deducible from it; or rather, a contracted fyllogifm.

3 It is impoffible to tranflate this paffage, and retain the point of the original. Habere gratiam is a phrafe the meaning of which is not only to return thanks for favours received, but alfo to be grateful in mind; upon which complex meaning of the term the point of Cicero's expreffion depends. It is fomewhat exemplified by the following paffage in the Eunuch of Terence:

"Et habetur et refertur Thais a me ita uti merita es gratia." But the English reader will more eafily comprehend its purport from the following lines of Milton, which feem almoft literally borrowed from what is before us:

"Lifted up fo high,

I 'sdeign'd fubjection, and thought one step higher
Would fet me high'st, and in a moment quit
The debt immenfe of endless gratitude,
So burdenfome, ftill paying ftill to owe;
Forgetful what from him I ftill receiv'd,
And understood not that a grateful mind
By owing, owes not, but still pays, at once
Indebted and discharged."

by

by the circumftance of having it, pays it. Nor fhall I cease to be in debt to Plancius, by paying him this kindness; neither should I have paid him lefs in my inclination towards him, if he had never been involved in this trouble."

The body of the fentence, he observed, was smooth and unembarraffed; and, as far as modulation was concerned, fufficiently elegant; but it was neceffary to make allowance for a word's being a little changed from its original meaning, that the whole fentence, taken together, might be confiftent with itself. Comparing the owing of kindness and of money together, the word owing will certainly apply to both. The owing of kindness, and of money, may properly be opposed to each other, if the expreffion of owing kindness and owing money be allowable. But let us fee what happens in the cafe of owing and paying money, and in that of owing and returning kindness, still applying the word owing to both. Cicero, he continued, when he affirmed that the owing of kindness and the owing of money were different, and gave his reason why he thought fo, applied the word debet to money; fpeaking of kindness, instead of debet, he fays habet. These are his words:" Gratiam autem, et qui refert habet, et qui habet in eo ipfo quod habet, refert." But this word does not fuit the comparison which is made; for the owing of kindness, not the having it, is compared with money. He confequently ought to have faid, and he who owes, by the act of owing pays; which would be abfurd and forced, if kindness not yet returned might be faid to be returned, because

V

it is owed. He changed, therefore, and substituted a word fimilar to that which he omitted, that he might still seem to preserve the purport of the word owing, the subject of comparison, and not injure the neatness, of the sentence. In this manner did Julianus explain and criticise these paffages of ancient writers, which young men read + under his inspection.

4 Young men read.]This alludes to what formed a part of Roman education. It was usual, after paffing through the forms of domestic discipline, for young men of family to be placed under the care and patronage of fome character diftinguished by abilities and learning. With him they constantly spent their time, attending him in the fenate, at the bar, and conftituting as it were part of his family in private life. Amongst other things proposed to young men by these inftructors, were controverted queftions of ancient history or science, about which they were to exercise their talents in difpute and argument. Thus were Cicero, his great rival Hortenfius, Julius Cæfar, and other illuftrious characters of ancient Rome, initiated into the paths which conducted them to the highest honours of the state.

It may be added, that in an earlier period of the Roman history the study of rhetoric was thought injurious to the youth, and prejudicial to the ftate. Accordingly, we find that different decrees of the fenate were paffed, expelling rhetoricians from Rome. See Suetonius de claris Rhetoribus. The usefulness of the art gradually appearing, it became, in fucceeding times, highly honourable.

CHAP.

CHAP. V.

That the orator Demofthenes was diftinguished by a difgraceful attention to the ornaments of his perfon; and that Hortenfius the pleader, from the same fault, and from his using the action of a player when he Spoke, was called a Bacchanalian dancing-girl.

T is faid of Demofthenes', that in neatness of drefs, and attention to his perfon, he was delicate and exact even to a fault. From hence his fpruce veft and effeminate robes were used by his

rivals

* Demofthenes.]-The name of Demofthenes is fo familiar, that a modern writer is fearful of introducing it, well knowing of rejected

and common. Yet, with the impreffion that many English writers may have conceived prejudices against this illuftrious character, haftily taken up, and, perhaps, unjustly founded, I cannot refift the prefent opportunity of doing away fome of their effects. It is by many imagined that in the great theatre on which his abilities were more confpicuously displayed, he dishonoured his talents, and injured his country, by accepting a bribe from Philip of Macedon. It is not confiftent with the limits which I have prefcribed myself to enter into particulars; but the reader may be affured that the falfity of this imputation has been proved even to demonftration by a name as illuftrious as that of Paufanias. On the fubject of the accufation here introduced, I am inclined to think that much may be allowed for the mifreprefentations of ignorance, much for the exaggerations of envy. Demofthenes died in exile, and probably by poison. His melancholy fate, and that of Cicero, is alluded to in fome C 4

very

rivals and opponents as a reproach against him. This also gave rise to fundry base and unbecoming appellations, reflecting not only on his manhood, but his moral character'. In like manner Hortenfius, almost the greatest orator of his time, except Cicero, because his dress was chofen and put on with the moft ftudied care and extraordinary neatness, and becaufe, when pleading, his hands were constantly in action, had many harsh and I very energetic lines by Juvenal, in the Satire, where he emphatically describes the ill confequences of indulging the extreme of every ruling paffion :

"Eloquium aut famam Demofthenis aut Ciceronis

Incipit optare, et totis quinquatribus optat,
Quifquis adhuc uno partam colit affe Minervam,
Quem fequitur cuftos anguftæ vernula capfæ ;
Eloquio, fed uterque perit orator."

Neatness of drefs.]-This peculiarity, which of itself will juftify no conclufion with respect to internal character, has diftinguished many eminent men of our own country. It is particularly related of the pious Nelson, and the accomplished Gray.

3 Moral character.]-The expreffion in the original is of a kind which admits of no tranflation, and refers to the lowest and most detestable profligacy, concerning which, as Ogden, in one of his fermons, emphatically fays, "the greateft ignorance is the greatest wisdom."

4 His hands were conftantly in action.]-Cicero, in his speech againft Q. Cæcilius, ufually called Divinatio, mentions this ha bit of Hortenfius : « Quid cum accufationis tuæ membra dividere cœperit, et in digitis fuis fingulas partes caufæ conftituere." Again: "Mihi enim videtur periculum fore ne ille non modo verbis te obruat, fed geftu ipfo ac motu corporis præstringat aciem ingenii tui." See alfo Valerius Maximus, Book VIII. c. x. who thus fays of Hortenfius, and his action when speaking: "Nefcires utrum cupidius ad audiendum eum an id fpectandum concurreretur.

opprobrious