Ableman v. Booth, 59, 61
Abolition movement, 91
Adair v. United States, 411, 527
Adams, John, plan for confederation

of states, 21; failure to get commer-
cial treaty in England, 29, 108; ap-
pointment of John Marshall, 381
Adams, John Quincy, election solidi-
fied parties, 90; Memoirs," 549
Adams, Samuel, committees of corre-
spondence, 10; and federal Consti-
tution, 45

Adams Express Co. v. Iowa, 488
Adamson Law, 525-526
Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. v. United
States, 481, 507

Administration, 207-241; Constitu-

tion modified in, 2; made possible
by political parties, 2-3; political
operation of Constitution, 82;
regulations, 232-241; quasi-judicial
decisions, 236-239; liability of offi-
cials, 240; control of trusts and
combinations, 515-520
Admiralty, jurisdiction of federal
courts, 391; code, 395
Agrarian conditions and political dis-
content, 97

Agriculture, department of, 261–265;
Bureau of Animal Industry, 262;
Bureau of Chemistry, 262; Bureau
of Plant Industry, 262; Weather
Bureau, 262; Pure Food and Drugs
Act, 262-263; Bureau of Entomol-
ogy, 263; Bureau of Soils, 263;
Bureau of Biological Survey, 264;
Bureau of Crop Estimates, 264;
Bureau of Markets, 264; Forestry
Service, 264; Office of Farm Man-
agement, 264; Office of Public
Roads and Rural Engineering, 264;
State Relations Service, 264; con-
servation of forests, 264-265;
forests, 265

Agriculture, House Committee on,
346

Alaska, District Court of, 386; gov-
ernment of, 588-589

Alexander, De A. S., 319, 324, 332

Alien Property Custodian, 270
Alien and Sedition Law, 88
Allen v. Smith, 447

Ambassadors, 541-545; appointment,
199; reception of foreign, 200
Amendments, of federal constitution,
methods of enacting, 43-44; sug-
gested by Massachusetts ratifica-
tion, 45; first eight as Bill of Rights,
46-51; First, 56; Second, 56;
Third, 56; Fifth, 56, 411, 447;
Seventh, 583; Ninth, 38, 40, 48, 49,
51; Tenth, 38, 40, 48, 49, 51, 54;
Eleventh, 38, 40, 41, 46, 54, 58, 61,
390, 391, 394, 418, 419; Twelfth,
146, 149; Thirteenth, 51, 55, 288,
583, 585; Fourteenth, 38, 46, 51,
54, 56, 66, 74, 78, 278, 279, 288, 393,
417; Fifteenth, 51, 55, 78, 288, 293,
294, 295, 296; Sixteenth, 419, 451;
Seventeenth, 46, 107, 306; Eight-
eenth, 46

American Insurance Co. v. Canter,
575, 578, 581

American School of Magnetic Healing
v. McAnnulty, 239

American Tobacco case, 509
Animal Industry, Bureau of, 262
Annapolis Convention, 33
Antislavery. See Slavery

Appointment and removal. See Presi-
dent

Appropriation bills, 375-376

Appropriations, House Committee on,
345; methods of making, 467-469; ·
lack of coördination, 468-469; in-
crease with increasing functions,
469; sources of demands, 470-472;
no correlation, 472; procedure in
bills, 472-474; evils of present sys-
tem, 474; suggested reforms, 474;
payments and audit, 478-479
Arbitration, 526-527; international,
553; treaties, 571

Army, regular, 424-425; appropria-
tions, constitutional limitations, 425;
National Guard and volunteers,
429; legislation of 1917 and 1918,
430-433; military law, 434-436

Arthur, President, 173

Articles of Confederation. See Con-
federation

Assembly, right of, 56

Association, the, of First Continental
Congress, 19

Atlantic Coast Line v. The Railroad
Commissioners of South Carolina,491
Attainder, bills of, 56

Attorney-General, 250-253, 254
Austin, Benjamin, 109

Austin v. Tennessee, 485, 487

Bail, excessive, constitutional provi-
sions, 15

Bakers' case, New York, 411, 413
Ballinger investigation, 374

B. & O. R. R. Co. v. Interstate Com-
merce Commission, 525

Bank, Second of United States, Re-
publican party and, 88
Bankruptcy, federal regulation, 53
Bauer v. O'Donnell, 512

Beard, C. A., 28, 81, 85, 89, 93, 205,
291, 306, 309, 406

Belligerency, recognition of, 556
Big business," IOI

Bill of Rights, English, principles in

state Bills of Rights, 15; federal, 46
Bills, drafting by executive, 372
Bills of credit. See Paper money
Bills of exchange, 482

Bimetallism, 95, 100

Biological Survey, 264

Blackstone, on separation of powers,
67; "
Commentaries," 405

Bland-Allison Act, 95
Bollman, ex parte, 444
Bonds, 460

Borrowing money, power of Congress
under Confederation, 23

"Boss," party, 114

Boston, colonial wealthy class, 9;
committees of correspondence
(1772), 10-11; Gage blockaded in, 20
Boundaries, 554-555

Bowman v. Chicago & Northwestern
R. R. Co., 485, 486
Brewer, Justice, 402, 486
Brimmer v. Rebman, 485
Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky, 463
Bristow, Senator, on judicial review,
422

British trade with America, revived
after 1783, 24

Brown, Justice, 483

Brown v. Maryland, 487, 490, 493
Brown v. Walker, 195

Cabinet, members of the, 185, 207-

217; comparison with English and
French, 207; responsibility to presi-
dent, 207; constitutional provisions,
208; growth, 208; origin, 208;
party, 209; qualifications, 210; sec-
tional distribution, 210; meetings,
211, 212; relation to president, 211,
217; influence, 212; position of
members, 213, 214; duties, 215;
control by president, 215-216; dis-
cretionary and ministerial powers,
216, 221; relation to Congress, 218-
221; presidential control, 220; no
administrative liability, 241
Calder v. Bull, 414

California v. Central Pacific R. R. Co.,
501
Campaign, of 1896, 99, 100; of 1900,
100; of 1912, 103; state and na-
tional, 127-135; expenses, 134-137;
preconvention, of 1912, 153-154
Campaign funds, 164; federal laws
governing, 165

Campbell v. Hall, 3

Canvass, political, 130-131
Castro case, 239

Caucus, 108; congressional, 109, 110;
legislative, 311-316

Census, Bureau of, 266–267
Chamberlain, Senator, 431
Champion v. Ames, 529-530, 531
Channing, Edward, 25

Charleston, wealthy colonial class, 9
Charter, colonial. See Colonies
"Checks and balances," 42-43
Chemistry, Bureau of, 262
Chicago, Pullman strike, 420

Child Labor Law, 414, 534-536, 539
Children's Bureau, 268

Chinese, 588; excluded from citizen-
ship, 79

Chinese exclusion, 94, 96, 237-238
Chinese Exclusion case, 497
Chisholm v. Georgia, 58, 418
Cincinnati, Wilmington, etc., R. R. Co.
v. Commission, 234

Circuit Court of Appeals, 385
Circuit Courts, 380, 382, 383, 384
Citizen, protection of fundamental
rights of, 57

Citizenship, 73-81; double, 74; de-
fined by Fourteenth Amendment,
74, 76; defined by court, 75; Dred
Scott decision, 76; limitations of
privileges of state, 77, 78; effect
of Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments, 78; political privi-
leges granted by states, 78; how
gained, 79; persons excluded from,
79; interstate comity, 80; extradi-.
tion, 80, 81; Civil Rights cases,
393; territorial, in Hawaii, 587;
territorial, in Porto Rico, 590
Civil Rights cases, 66, 393
Civil service, 221-232; defined, 221;
terms, 222; partisan system, 222-
223; spoils system, 223-225; re-
form, 225; present system, 226;
Pendleton Act (1883), 226; exten-
sion of, 226-227; effect on party,
227; policy of Wilson, 228-229;
Underwood Tariff Bill, 228; Federal
Reserve Board, 228; examinations,
229-230; promotions, 230;
moval for cause, 231; pensions, 232
Civil War, Amendments to federal
Constitution, I; challenge of federal
supremacy, 59

re-

Claims, private, against foreign na-
tions, 554

Clark, Champ, 153, 154
Clark, Justice, 513

Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Mary-
land R. Co., 489

Clay, Henry, 91, 92

Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 258, 517-519,
520
Cleaves, T. P., 554
Cleveland, F. A., 474

Cleveland, Grover, 85, 93, 95, 99,
171, 188, 382, 497; civil service
reform, 227

Coast Guard, 247

Cockran, W. Bourke, theory of federal
sovereignty, 367-368

Cohens v. Virginia, 59, 61, 391
Coin, 464

Coinage, standards controlled by

Congress under Confederation, 23
Coleman v. Tennessee, 436
Collector v. Day, 64

Colonial Congresses, 18-19

Colonies, political experience under
Convention of 1787, 2; political

and social similarities and differ-
ences, 3; charters limited legisla-
tures, 3; proprietary and royal,
approval of legislation, 3, 4, 16;
appointments by governor and
council, 4; governor and council
highest court, 4; governor's coun-
cil, appointment and functions, 4;
proprietary, council appointed by
proprietor, 4; veto of legislation by
governor, 4; suffrage, 5; appor-
tionment of representation, 5-6;
place representation by residents,
6; sectionalism, 6; legislatures,
governors, and finances, 6–7; gov-
ernors, appointment and functions,
6-8; judicial powers of royal gov-
ernors, 7; governor's council, re-
moval, 7; laws, common and
statutory, 8; justices of the peace,
8; courts, appeals to England, 8-
9; courts, organization, jurisdic-
tion, and procedure, 8-9; judicial
review of legislation, 8-9; control
by appointed officials, 9; landed
aristocracy and rich merchants, 9;
little institutional discontent before
Revolution, 9; well-to-do distrusted
masses, 9; revolutionary govern-
ments, national and state, 10; com-
mittees of correspondence and
provincial congresses, 11; advice
of Continental Congress, 12-13;
bicameral legislatures, 14; inter-
colonial congresses, 18-19; repre-
sentation in Continental Congress,
19; Continental Congresses, 19-20
Commerce, power to regulate denied
to Congress under Confederation,
23; federal regulation of, 53; inter-
state, 77; regulation of, 358-359,
480-520; foreign and interstate,
480-483; definition of, 481-483;
regulation by Congress and states,
483-487; federal legislation con-
cerning, 494-498

Commerce, Department of, 265-267;
Bureau of Corporations, 266;
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, 266; Bureau of Census,
266-267; Bureau of Fisheries, 267;
Bureau of Navigation, 267; Bureau
of Standards, 267; Geodetic Sur-
vey, 267; Steamboat Inspection
Service, 267

Commerce and Labor, Department of,
514
Commerce Court, 380, 383, 388-389,504

Commission of Economy and Effi-

ciency, 474
Committee, on Committees, in House,
314; on Rules, in House, 329-331,
340-342, 346; on Committees, in
Senate, 347; of the Whole House,
352-353; on Ways and Means,
467; on Appropriations, 467, 477;
on Estimates and Expenditures,
467
Committees,

of Correspondence,
Boston Town Meeting suggests,
10-11; established new state gov-
ernments, 10-12; House, 344-347;
increasing number of, 344; appoint-
ment and election, 347; Senate,
347-348; Congressional system,
348-349, 350-355; party (see
Political parties)

Common carriers. See Transportation
and Railroads

Common-law suits, federal courts
follow state rules, 396, 397-398
Commonwealth v. Caton, 17
Compensation and insurance, mili-
tary, 439

Compromises of federal Constitution.
See Convention

Comptroller of the Currency, 466
Comptroller of the Treasury, 478-
479

Confederation, Articles of, 21-31;

Articles replaced by federal Con-
stitution,1; experience under, aided
federal Convention, 2; adoption
of, legalized national government
(1783), 10; power to borrow money,
23; weaknesses of, 23; amend-
ment by consent of all states, 23;
American trade with Britain more
than with France, 24; fall of prices,
24; infant industries, 24; profits
of privateering missed, 24; unem-
ployment problem, 24; necessity
for economic and political recon-
struction, 24-25; states opposed
Congress, 24-26; causes of failure,
24-31; economic depression showed
weaknesses, 25; respect for gov-
ernment lowered by Revolution,
25; economic revival (1787-1789),
25; not responsible for economic
depression after 1783, 25; violation
by states, 26-30; national govern-
ment practically bankrupt, 27;
treaty provisions inconsistent, 29;
amendment proposed to give
Congress power to regulate foreign

commerce, 29; period of unrest
within the states, 30; no power in
Congress to compel states, 30-31;
attempts to amend, 31-34; amend-
ment authorized by Congress, 33;
party favoring in federal Conven-
tion, 37; no separation of powers,
68
Conference Committees, 354-355
Congress, composition and powers
under Articles of Confederation,
21, 22-23; state opposition, 25-26;
requisitions unsatisfied during Rev-
olution and Confederation, 26; in-
ability to enforce treaties under
Confederation, 29; attempts to
amend Articles of Confederation,
32-33; under Virginia plan, 35;
under New Jersey plan, 37; com-
promises in federal Constitution,
39; powers, 42; election of mem-
bers, 43; part in amending Con-
stitution, 43-44; transmitted Con-
stitution to states, 44; power over
electoral vote, 69; relations to ex-
ecutive, 70, 368–378; relations to
judiciary, 70-71, 379–381, 386, 405-
421; encroachments of, 72-73;
amnesty power, 195-196; pardon-
ing power, 196; relations with
president, 201, 309; presidential
veto, 202, 204-206; relation to
cabinet, 207, 218-221; constitu-
tional organization, 271-274; bi-
cameral, 273; sessions, 274-275;
dates of elections and opening,
275; actual operation, 308-356;
absence of cabinet government,
308-309; two-party system, 310;
party organizations, 310–311; legis-
lative caucus, 311-316; floorleaders,
327-329; committee system, 344-
349; process of legislation, 350-356;
powers of, 357-362; power of taxa-
tion, 357-358, 445-452; power to
borrow and to coin money, 357-358,
460-463; power over commerce,
358, 480-520; war power, 359-360,
423-444; power to punish crime,
360-361; judicial power, 361; ex-
ecutive power, 361-362; limitation
of legislative powers, 362-368;
establishes federal courts, 379;
jurisdiction of federal courts, 380,
386; power to abolish inferior
courts, 380; judicial review of acts,
405-421; power to declare war, 437-
439;
conduct of war, 437-438;