An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 第 3 卷G. Walker, 1822 |
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according act of parliament afford altogether amount ancient ancient Egypt ancient Greece annual produce annuities artificers assessed Britain capital cent church civil clergy commerce common consumer consumption court cultivation declension defraying duce duchy of Milan empire employed England equal established Europe excise expense exportation fall farmer foreign France frequently fund greater houses hundred imposed increase industry inhabitants interest joint stock company justice kind labour land-tax landlord less levied maintain malt manner manufactures ment merchants militia millions nations naturally necessarily necessary nerally never obliged occasion ordinary paid particular payment peace perhaps person pounds sterling present principal profit proportion proprietors provinces public revenue quantity raise ranks render rent of land respect Royal African Company rude produce seems seldom shillings society sometimes sort South Sea Company sovereign standing army subsistence superior supposed thousand pounds tion trade whole
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第 43 頁 - According to the system of natural liberty, the sovereign has only three duties to attend to; three duties of great importance, indeed, but plain and intelligible to common understandings: first, the duty of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies; secondly the duty of protecting, as far as possible, every member of the society from the injustice or oppression of every other member of it, or the duty of establishing an exact administration of justice;...
第 182 頁 - In the progress of the division of labour, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labour, that is, of the great body of the people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations ; frequently to one or two.
第 80 頁 - Civil government, so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is in reality instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all...
第 401 頁 - Commerce and manufactures can seldom flourish long in any state which does not enjoy a regular administration of justice, in which the people do not feel themselves secure in the possession of their property, in which the faith of contracts is not supported by law, and in which the authority of the state is not supposed to be regularly employed in enforcing the. payment of debts from all those who are able to pay. Commerce and manufactures, in short, can seldom flourish in any state in which there...
第 256 頁 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities ; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
第 182 頁 - The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects too are perhaps always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur. He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become.
第 257 頁 - Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.
第 152 頁 - The endowments of schools and colleges have necessarily diminished more or less the necessity of application in the teachers. Their subsistence, so far as it arises from their salaries, is evidently derived from a fund altogether independent of their success and reputation in their particular professions.
第 379 頁 - Fourthly, by subjecting the people to the frequent visits and the odious examination of the taxgatherers it may expose them to much unnecessary trouble, vexation, and oppression; and though vexation is not, strictly speaking, expense, it is certainly equivalent to the expense at which every man would be willing to redeem himself from it.
第 42 頁 - All systems either of preference or of restraint, therefore, being thus completely taken away, the obvious and simple system of natural liberty establishes itself of its own accord.