principal cities of the State, personally inspecting the different schools, both public and private, the incorporated institutions, asylums, alms-houses, prisons, and hospitals.

EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS AMONG THE CHINESE IN CALIFORNIA.

Education of the Chinese in California began with missionary labors in San Francisco. Rev. William Speer, D. D., of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, commenced his work here in 1852. He taught such as chose to avail themselves of his gratuitous instruction a few hours daily in rooms rented for the purpose. In 1853 a missionhouse was completed and the school removed to it, in which building, with occasional interruptions, there has been a Chinese school until the present time. Mr. Speer being forced to leave in 1857, the school was discontinued for a while. It afterward revived as a day-school, supported by the private contributions of Christian people. It was attended by Chinese boys and girls as well as young men.

In 1859, Rev. A. W. Loomis, who still occupies the field, arrived, and gave renewed impulse to the work. Additional classes of boys and girls were taught during the day, and also in the evening. In 1861 the city board of education was induced to assume the school by paying the salary of the teacher. After a while, a change having come in the political complexion of the board, and the outside clamor against the Chinese increasing, the Chinese school was shaken off, and the salary of the teacher withheld. The school went on as before, Christian people assuming the expense; although, like other citizens, they paid all their assessments for free schools and other purposes. Another change of administration furnished a board that was willing again to support a teacher for the Chinese. The school, after this time, was held only in the evening, on which account only the older boys and many adults availed themselves of its privileges, and comparatively few of the younger Chinese children attended.

With an interruption of several months the school was again reopened, January 5, 1868, in the mission-house, corner of Sacramento and Stockton streets, in which year it was removed to a public-school building on Powell street. Being some distance from the Chinese quarter, this school did not flourish; young men, to the number of about twenty, attending in the evening only. The board of education seemed to take little interest in it, and in the fall of 1870 it was discontinued at this place. On the removal of this school from the mission-house, two other teachers were at once employed by the mission; the attendance increased, and the schools of the mission are still continued. The average attendance last term was 55 in both departments of the eveningschool. The largest number at one time was 84. Rev. A. W. Loomis, and Rev. I. M. Condit, the two faithful missionaries, assist more or less; in addition to these, there are employed at present two male teachers and one female teacher. No tuition or other fees are charged; the pupils simply furnish their own books.

AN EFFORT IN BEHALF OF CHINESE WOMEN.

Two and a half years ago, a number of philanthropic ladies from several of the Protestant churches in San Francisco formed a society and employed a teacher, Mrs. Gole, to take charge of a Chinese school, which was designed more particularly for the benefit of Chinese girls and women. Their school was commenced May 24, 1869. The average attendance had been from 23 to 25; highest number on the list at one time 40; at present 30, two-thirds of which are girls. This is a day-school and entirely free. In the afternoon of each day a Chinese assistant is employed, who instructs both boys and girls in Chinese; the girls are also instructed in needle-work. This looks like striking at the very root of the matter in the way of educating and Christianizing this peculiar people.

THE WORK OF THE CHURCHES IN EDUCATING THE CHINESE.

Much has been done by several of the leading churches of San Francisco to gather the Chinese into Sabbath-schools. Here they are taught to read, write, and spell, as the necessary preliminaries to other instruction. During the summer of 1868, Rev. Otis Gibson arrived to establish a mission for the Methodist church amongst the Chinese. He devoted much of his time to visiting the churches and stimulating them in their Sabbath-school work in this direction. But efforts in this line fluctuate very much. About the first of the present year the mission building of this church was dedicated, and soon after their school commenced. They employ three teachers. The attendance at the evening-school at present is about thirty; during the day there is an attendance of from six to ten boys, and about three girls.

During the latter part of 1870 and the early part of 1871, the Roman Catholics started a day-school for boys in a house belonging to the church, at the rear of St. Mary's Cathedral. The teacher is a native Chinaman, a member of the Roman Catholic church, and brought here especially for this work. He had ten or twelve pupils,

and taught them mostly in the Chinese classics, and to write their own language-his knowledge of English being too imperfect to be of much service as an English teacher. It now numbers seven boys and one girl.

About a year ago the American Missionary Society entered the field, and the Congregational churches on this coast co-operate with them. They employ three ladies sent from the Eastern States for this purpose-two at Stockton and one at Sacramento; they also support a school at Marysville, one in a Congregational church in San Francisco, and one just started at the Mission Dolores, San Francisco. The attendance at the church is ten to fifteen; at the mission, fifteen to thirty.

The Baptist church has also a mission to the Chinese in San Francisco. An eveningschool was commenced a few months since. The teacher is Rev. Mr. Graves, of the Southern Baptist church, aided by occasional voluntary assistants.

CHINESE TAXED BUT NOT TAUGHT BY THE STATE.

Before the number of schools had increased as at present, there were many classes of four or five, taught by private individuals, most of them in the evening. The pupils were young men who were anxious to fit themselves for doing business with our people.

From the preceding statements it appears:

First. That while the Chinese in this country have always paid their share-and a great deal more than their share-of the taxes, very little has been done to teach their children.

Second. That good, philanthropic people, seeing their need of instruction, are taxing themselves voluntarily to support schools among them, while they are at the same time paying their taxes for the public schools.

Third. Even after all this has been done, the very class for which schools are most needed-viz, the young children-are not benefited so much as those more advanced. We are told there are five hundred Chinese children, born in this country, who will be citizens by and by. The State must provide schools for them, and require the children to attend them. The proper training of the children of the Chinese would go far toward solving the knotty problem of Chinese immigration. The desired influence upon adults will best reach them through their children. Our language, usages, arts, and manners could thus most easily be grafted upon this peculiar people.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

During the session of the State teachers' institute, held in San Francisco in 1861, the superintendent of public instruction called the attention of the members to the importance of the permanent establishment and maintenance of a school for the special instruction and training of teachers, recommending the appointment of a committee to memorialize the legislature to authorize the establishment of such an institution. This was done, and the sum of $3,000 was appropriated for the support of the school, the first session of which was commenced in 1862.

The design of the normal school is to provide well-trained teachers for the common schools of the State. The great demand in the State is for good teachers in the lowergrade public schools. Skill in teaching, with average scholarship in studies, for the common schools, is more desirable than the highest scholarship without a knowledge of the practical methods to be pursued in the school-room.

The revised school law provides that the graduates of the normal school shall receive State certificates of a grade to be determined by the State board of examination. Under this provision certificates have been awarded to graduates according to ability and scholarship, some receiving diplomas, some first-grade, and others second and third grade certificates. Members of the graduating class have not infrequently taught from one to three years prior to entering the normal school. Their standing is high, and they receive State educational diplomas, which entitle them to teach as principals of grammar-schools. Others, whose standing is lower, receive first-grade certificates; still others receive second-grade; and those whose standing is still lower, receive third-grade certificates, which entitle them to teach only in primary schools. This mode of graduating pupils according to ability and attainments, though, perhaps, without precedent, is found to be most excellent in its workings. The percentage of a member of the graduating class is determined by taking into consideration the standing in recitation records during the term, the report of success in the training school, and the result of the written examination at the close of the term.

The last legislature resolved to erect suitable buildings for the permanent location of the school. The very spirited contest that arose among most of the central cities of the State, showed the high estimation in which the institution was held.

The flourishing city of San José, situated in the fertile and beautiful valley of Santa Clara, won the coveted prize. The advantages of San José, as the proper location of the school, are its unsurpassed climate, its accessibility from all parts of the State, and the intelligence, morality, and hospitality of the citizens.

The same legislature increased the annual appropriation for the support of the school from $8,000 to $12,000, besides providing funds for the erection of a building that will be a credit to the State, and appropriating $1,000 for the purchase of books. The trustees have made a liberal appropriation for the purchase of additional apparatus. The principal is Dr. W. T. Lucky, A. M., who has a well-established reputation as an able and successful teacher. Henry P. Carlton, A. M., is vice-principal. The time for completing the normal school course is two years, each divided into two terms of five months. At the close of each term there are written examinations. Pupils are required to furnish their own text-books. Tuition is free. Good boarding can be obtained at from $5 to $7 per week; rooms for self-boarding, at reasonable rates.

The school is in a flourishing condition. The removal from San Francisco to San José last June did not diminish the number of pupils. The new building rapidly approaches completion, and, when finished, will be one of the finest school buildings on the coast. The number of pupils in the normal department for the academic year, 1870-'71, was 164, of whom 132 were ladies, and 32 were gentlemen. The twelfth graduating class numbered 21; whole number of graduates from the school, 253. To secure admission into the junior class of the normal school, the applicant, if a male, must be seventeen years of age, or, if a female, sixteen years of age; to enter an advanced class, the applicant must be proportionably older. Before entering, all applicants must sign the following declaration: "We hereby declare that our purpose in entering the California State normal school is to fit ourselves for the profession of teaching, and that it is our intention to engage in teaching in the public schools of the State."

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

An act to create and organize the University of California became a law on the 23d of March, 1868. The ex-officio regents are, the governor of the State, lieutenant-governor, speaker of the assembly, State superintendent of public instruction, president of the State Agricultural Society, president of the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco. There are, also, eight appointed regents, and eight honorary regents. The officers of the board are, His Excellency Henry H. Haight, president; Andrew J. Moulder, esq., secretary; and William C. Ralston, esq., treasurer. Every regent, however appointed, is a voting, legislative, and executive member of the board. The faculty consists of nineteen members, Henry Durant, A. M., being president of the same. The medical department has eight professors, and a board of examiners numbering ten members. The colleges of arts and letters have a faculty of ten professors.

The

The site of the University is at Berkeley, four miles north of Oakland, and directly facing the Golden Gate, upon the 160 acres of land donated by the College of California. This was a munificent gift, the land being estimated as now worth $500 per acre. The grounds have been laid out in handsome style; numerous drives, avenues, and walks have been constructed, and a large number of ornamental trees set out. work will be continued until the whole estate is converted into a highly attractive and ornamental park. Take it all in all, there is not probably a spot in America, in the vicinity of a great city, that commands so beautiful, so picturesque, and so extended a prospect as the site of the University. The formal opening in the new buildings of the University but recently took place. The poem read on the occasion was by a lady. Young ladies are admitted into the University on equal terms, in all respects, with young men.

The University, which has just entered on its second year, consists of various colleges, namely:

First. Colleges of arts.

Second. A college of letters.

Third. Professional and other colleges.

The following colleges have already been organized:

1. A State college of agriculture.

2. A State college of mechanic arts.

3. A State college of mines.

4. A State college of civil engineering.

5. A State college of letters.

6. A State college of medicine.

Colleges of arts.

In each of these the whole course of instruction occupies four years, with three terms in each year. In all the colleges of the University, the method of instruction is by means of lectures and the study of text-books, accompanied in either case by rigid daily examinations.

The law department of the University has not yet been organized, but early measures will be taken to put it in operation. The appointment of Judge Field, of 'the United States Supreme Court, as professor of law, and his acceptance of the chair, may be regarded as the first step to the full organization of the college of law. The University already possesses excellent apparatus, recently procured from Europe, and valued at over $30,000, for the use of the physical, chemical, and other scientific departments.

In conformity with an act passed at the last session of the legislature of the State, the regents established the fifth class, or preparatory department of the University. The design of this establishment is to prepare students for admission to the University of California. Thus far the high school of San Francisco, and this department, have been the only schools in the State whose pupils, in any considerable number, have been qualified to enter the University. The standard of qualifications for admission thereto is materially the same as that of Yale, Harvard, and Cornell. The course of study adopted in the preparatory department embraces all the studies pursued in the public schools of the State, and also an extended course in the ancient and modern languages, and in mathematics. Pupils may avail themselves of a daily drill in military tactics, although military discipline is not maintained, and uniforms are not required.

It will be seen from the foregoing statements that the University of California, in the second year of its existence, already offers excellent facilities for a thorough education. With a full and complete faculty of instruction, and a costly and complete apparatus, it opens its doors, without charge, to all of both sexes who are qualified to profit by its advantages.

Students can obtain board and lodging in private families, at from $5 to $8 per week. The whole number of students in the University during the past year was 93; number of students in the preparatory department, 88. The dormitory system being forbidden by the organic act, the students of the University find homes in the boardinghouses and private families of Oakland.

Members of the preparatory department who do not reside with their parents arerequired to room and board in the building of the department; tuition, board, and lodging, $30 for four weeks; single rooms furnished each student.

PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

The total number of colleges and private schools in the city of San Francisco is 65, of which 15 are under the control of the Catholic denomination. From the last school census, the number of children, between six and fifteen years of age, who have attended private schools during the year, was 4,582. In addition to the attendance of the private schools there are about 850 children, under six years of age, at different infantschools; and, about 900 attending the higher schools, private schools, and colleges,, the whole aggregating 6,160; a yearly increase of 2,332.

MILLS SEMINARY.

This institution, formerly known as the "Young Ladies' Seminary of Benicia," was founded in 1852, and is the pioneer institution of its kind in California. When first established it was under a board of trustees. In 1854 it passed into private hands; and in 1865 it was purchased by Rev. C. T. Mills, D. D., who since that time has been its sole proprietor, and, with his wife as associate principal, has had charge of the school. The rapid growth of their school demanded better accommodations. Having sold their buildings in Benicia, they transferred their school to its new location in Seminary Park, Brooklyn, Alameda County. The grounds comprise 60 acres. They are attractive and beautiful. The building is one of the finest on the coast, and will furnish accommodations for about 200 pupils. The success of the institution surpasses all expectations, and additional accommodations are already contemplated. Though the Mills Seminary, for the present, is private property, the hope and purpose is to make it a permanent institution. It is the desire of its proprietor that it shall be so arranged, and eventually so endowed, that, like Mount Holyoke, or Vassar, it will be self-perpetuating. There are 200 students, with a board of instructors numbering 20. There is a preparatory and an academic department, with the best facilities for the ornamental branches. The year is divided into two terms of twenty weeks each. Expenses $160 per term.

UNIVERSITY (CITY) COLLEGE.

This institution, founded in 1859, in the heart of the city of San Francisco, was incorporated as a college in 1863. The valuable property was then placed in the hands of trustees, among whom may be named the mayor, Thomas H. Selby, who is president of the board, and Governor Haight, through whose wise foresight and persevering efforts a very valuable tract for university purposes, known as University Mound, situated five miles from the Plaza, was secured.

The City College was established by Rev. George Burrowes, who in 1865 was obliged to resign its charge on account of ill health. He was succeeded by Rev. P. V. Veeder, A. M., who was the present year succeeded by Rev. W. Alexander, now in charge. The college has eight instructors, and about 95 students. The buildings are large and provided with well lighted and ventilated study-halls, and with ample illustrative apparatus. The plan of instruction is comprehensive and broad, aiming to include a thorough and complete college course.

UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC, (METHODIST EPISCOPAL.)

This institution was incorporated in 1851. It is located in Santa Clara; first collegiate class formed in 1854. It has eight professors and teachers; whole number of students about 170. Thirty-four young men have graduated, 20 of whom received the degree of A. B., and 14 that of B. S. Seventeen young ladies have graduated with the degree of M. S. Eight gentlemen have received the degree of A. M., in course. The yearly expense, per pupil, is $320. T. H. Sinex, D. D., is president.

SANTA CLARA COLLEGE.

This institution is under the superintendence of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, and is open to all. The college was founded in 1851. It was incorporated in April, 1855. It has a full staff of professors and teachers, numbering in all 26. The number of students for the year ending June, 1871, was 225. It possesses a complete philosophical apparatus, a full chemical laboratory, a museum of natural history, and a college library of 12,000 volumes. The yearly expense, per session of ten months, is $350.

ST. MARY'S COLLEGE.

This institution is situated at San Francisco, on the old Mission road, about five miles from the City Hall. It is a brick building capable of accommodating 200 students. The cost of building and fitting up amounted to about $100,000. It was opened to the reception of students in 1863, and during that year upward of 200 were enrolled. It has a board of managers, and a faculty numbering 16 professors and teachers. There are now in the college more than 250 students. It is now in charge of a number of gentlemen belonging to a society known as "The Christian Brothers," who devote their lives to the work of education.

SAINT MARY, OF THE PACIFIC.

This is a boarding-school for young ladies, located at Benicia. The school has been in operation the past year, occupying a rented building; but on entering its newly erected building it was duly inaugurated under the immediate supervision of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Breck. For all the branches of a thorough English, classical, and polite education competent instructors have been provided.

OAKLAND MILITARY ACADEMY.

This institution is located on Telegraph avenue, nearly one mile north of the city of Oakland. The course followed is designed for the symmetrical development and discipline of the mind, and the formation of a good physical constitution. The military drill does not encroach upon study hours, but occupies time usually given to recreation, which is often worse than wasted by students. The course of study embraces an English course of four years, a classical course of three years, a commercial course, and the modern languages, if desired. D. McClure, principal. The total number of pupils for the year ending May, 1871, was 110. Expenses per scholastic year of forty weeks, $350.

ST. IGNATIUS COLLEGE.

This literary institution is located in San Francisco. It was organized in 1855; incorporated in 1859. It provides for a thorough classical, mathematical, and philosophical education, and, also, a commercial course. There are 19 professors and teachers. Number of pupils for the year ending June, 1871, 559. The college is intended for day scholars only. Rev. J. Bayma, president.

HEALD'S BUSINESS COLLEGE.

College building, Post street, San Francisco. The design of this school is to educate boys and young men with a special view to business. Its purpose is not to impart a classical education, but a practical one. There are at present about 250 students attending this school, including day and evening classes.

LAUREL HALL BOARDING-SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES.

Located at San Mateo. Organized 1864. Number of pupils, about 70. The grounds include 27 acres. School building commodious; much attention is given to physical training. Miss L. H. Buckmaster, principal, with 6 assistant teachers.

SAN JOSE INSTITUTE AND BUSINESS COLLEGE.

Located at San José. F. Gates, principal, and founder of the institution in 1861. From a beginning of only 7 pupils it soon reached 200, with a corps of 10 teachers. The school is thoroughly graded, affording the best educational facilities for both boarding and day scholars. Ladies are also received into the business college course.