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The sub-region (c) forms the western or Indian tract occupied by the teak (Tectona grandis), which is practically the whole of the peninsula of India, the eastern tract being the Burmese. Gamble gives the following distribution of this tree: "The Indian Region (of the teak) has for its northern limit the Rivers Nerbudda and Mahanadi, but here and there it may occasionally be found north of this line, as in Jhansi and Banda, while south of it it scarcely occurs in Orissa or the Circars. It is found in deciduous forests, but is not gregarious; and the localities where the most important forests are found are (1) Chanda District, Central Provinces; (2) North Canara ; (3) Wynaad, especially the tracts known as Benné and Mudumalai; (4) the Anaimalai Hills; (5) Travancore. There are also considerable extents of teak forest in other parts of the Central Provinces, in Berar and Bombay; on both sides of the Godavari in Bhadrachalam, Rumpa and Yernagudem ; in the Nallamalai Hills of Kurnool and Cuddapah ; in South Arcot and in Mysore. But teak may be found sporadically in places in forests throughout the Indian Region, and even in such very dry, apparently barren, rocky hills as those of Western Kurnool and Bellary, patches of stunted more or less gregarious teak are not uncommon."

Chief among other trees characteristic of these forests are the Terminalias, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Anogeissus latifolia, Dillenia indica, Eugenia jambolana, Ougeinia dalbergioides, Soymida febrifuga, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Diospyros melanoxylon, Bassia latifolia, Dalbergias, Albizzias, Bombax, Wrightia, Garuga, Bursera, Holarrhena, and there are many others, while the small male Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) is almost universally characteristic. In this same region occur also the sissoo (Dalbergia Sissoo), gregarious along streams in the region between the Himalaya and the Ganges, and the Acacia Catechu, the khair or cutch tree, which, with other species of Acacia, such as suma, and leucophlæa, is everywhere indicative of a somewhat poor sandy soil. Forming part of this same region, too, is the great Regada or "black-cotton country," where the Acacia arabica is the common tree, coming up wherever the land lies fallow for a while, and accompanied sometimes by Albizzia Lebbek, Melia indica, Poinciana elata and Balanites Roxburghii.

(2) The Burmese deciduous forests. These are the typical forests of the drier parts of Burma, and are unquestionably

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the most important to the Forester. They occupy that portion of the country, both in plains and hills, in which the climate is drier and the rainfall is less. These forests can be subdivided into several sections, each characterised by the presence, or absence from it, of certain typical species. It will be sufficient to state here that, broadly speaking, the deciduous forests of Burma differ but little from the similar class of forests occurring in the peninsular and extra-peninsular tracts of British India. The most characteristic and important species of trees found in the Burma deciduous forests are the teak, here attaining large dimensions, and Xylia dolabriformis (Pyingado). This forms the eastern tract of the teak. Gamble gives the following distribution: "In the Burmese Region, teak is chiefly found in what are called by Kurz the upper mixed forests,' which occupy the parallel ranges of (1) the Arakan Yoma, eastern slope; (2) the Pegu Yoma; and (3) the Martaban Hills and the hills which contain these ranges northwards. The northern limit, according to J. W. Oliver, is about Myitkyina and Kamaing, in lat. 25° 30', though there it is mostly of stunted growth." Of the Xylia, or pyingado, Gamble says it is found in "all deciduous forests in Burma and Arakan, as far north as 24° north lat. in the Irrawaddy Valley (J. W. Oliver).

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"After teak, Pyingado has been the most important timber tree of Burma, and the chief of the associates of teak in the forests. On good and suitable soil it reaches a large size, 90 to 100 feet in height with 9 to 12 feet in girth; on poor soil it remains a comparatively small tree, and the bole becomes short and poor."

Associated with the above two trees are Eugenia Jambolana, Bombax insigne, Sterculia versicolor, fætida and villosa; Pterospermum semisagittatum, Garuga pinnata, Bursera serrata, Semecarpus, Spondias mangifera, Terminalia, Anogeissus acuminata, Lagerstroemia Flos-Regina, Briedelia retusa, Millettia Brandisiana, Cordia grandis, Gmelina arborea, Dalbergia Kurzii, Nauclea cordifolia, rotundifolia, and other species.

On the lower ground occur such species as Vitex leucoxylon, Bombax malabaricum, Kydia calycina, Dolichandrone stipulata, Heterophragma adenophyllum; several Albizzias, such as A. odoratissima and procera; Acacia Catechu, Ficus, Randia, Gardenia, Bauhinia, Grewia, Schrebera swietenioides, and others. The real Padauk tree of Burma (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) and

P. indicus, though occasionally found in evergreen forests, are in their natural habitat in this class of forests in Burma, as is also the case with P. dalbergioides in the Andamans. In the latter locality this tree attains very large dimensions.1

Herbage and shrubs, though not dense, are more conspicuous than in the deciduous forests of the Central India type. Bamboos prevail, of such species as Dendrocalamus strictus and longispathus, Bambusa Tulda and polymorpha; and on the lower ground such species as Cephalostachyum pergracile, Gigantochloa albociliata and Bambusa arundinacea occur frequently in abundance. Climbing shrubs are numerous in all the moister tracts, such species as Butea superba and parviflora, Entada scandens, several species of Vitis, Millettia auriculata, Mezoneurum cucullatum, being conspicuous. A few palms occur, but are much reduced in size.

An important though less valuable section of these forests are the Eng or wood-oil bearing forests, composed to a great extent of several species of Dipterocarpus, the principal of which is tuberculatus. These forests, in which Pentacme suavis, Dillenia pulcherrima and Shorea obtusa form quite a feature, and which frequently jut out into the evergreen forest zone around them, may perhaps owe their origin to the condition of the soil on which they are found.

C. THE DRY FOREST ZONE

The dry forest zone occupies two separate regions: (1) Rajputana, (2) The Punjab.

(1) The Rajputana Region. Owing to the limited rainfall the forest flora of Rajputana is not a rich one, nor are the trees themselves much developed. The province is divided by the

Professor Troup divides the Andamans forests into five main types as follows: (a) Mangrove forests of the usual type already described; (b) Beach forests, narrow strips along raised beaches of sand, shells and coral above high-tide limits. The commoner trees and shrubs are species of Mimusops, Calophyllum, Terminalia, Erythrina, Pongamia, Heritiera, Odina, etc.; (c) Evergreen forests, confined usually to the ridges and upper slopes of hills and characterised by several species of Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Planchonia, Artocarpus, Mesua, Myristica, Albizzia, Diospyros, Podocarpus, with a dense undergrowth of canes and other climbers; (d) Semi-evergreen and deciduous forests, occupying lower slopes and undulating ground between the evergreen and mangrove or beach forests. The chief timber tree here is the padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides), other genera being Lagerstroemia, Terminalia, Albizzia, Bombax, Odina, Stereulia, Careya, and others; (e) The diluvial forests occurring on diluvial deposits situated between the mangrove forests and the hills. Species of both the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests are found here of the genera already given above.

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