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The following verbs called factitive (§ 33) become copulative in the passive voice:- -To account, to acknowledge, to admit, to advertise, to appoint, to argue, to believe, to bespeak, to bring (in phrase to bring up), to call, to choose, to christen, to confess, to consecrate, to consider, to constitute, to count, to create, to crown, to declare, to decree, to deem to discover, to dub, to elect, to enrol, to enter (as, "He entered himself a soldier"), to entitle, to esteem, to fancy, to feel, to feign, to find, to guess, to hold, to judge, to know, to lead, to leave, to make, to mould, to name, to nominate, to offer, to own, to place, to proclaim, to pronounce, to prove, to rank, to reckon, to relate, to render, to report, to salute, to say, to see, to show, to style, to suppose, to take (as, "He took the captain prisoner"), to think, to vote, to warrant, to write.

19. When the predicate consists of the verb to be or other copulative verb followed by some other word or words, the words following the verb are sometimes called the Complement. Thus, in the sentence, "Mars is a planet," planet is called the complement. When the predicate consists of the verb to be or other copulative verb followed by a noun or pronoun, the noun or pronoun is called the Complementary Nominative, and, by some, the Nominative Completion.

Obs. 1. When the complement is an adjective, it is called an Attributive complement: when the complement is a noun, it is called an Appositive complement. Obs. 2. The complement may be enlarged like the subject.

20. Verbs, which of themselves do not form a predicate but require some other words to complete the sense, are called Verbs of Incomplete Prediction. Among these are included certain intransitive verbs, as, feel, grow, taste, smell, &c. : as They feel

warm.

21. The verb to be and other copulative verbs often take a prepositional phrase as part of the complementary nominative, the noun in such cases being understood: as, (1) The field is of vast extent The field is [a field] of vast extent; (2) The man remained of unsound mind=The man remained [a man] of unsound mind.

22.

FIRST ANALYSIS MODEL.

1. The balmy west wind blows.

2. Their bodies were painted.

3. Sweet is the breath of vernal showers.

4. The man grew pale.

5. The long-remembered beggar was his guest.

6. That strain was of a higher mood.

7. Mine be a cot beside the hill.

8. The raven, urged by such impertinence, grew passionate.
9. To weep is to make less the depth of grief.

10. There was an intense noon-day silence.

11. It was impossible to reach him.

12. Have you been bred apprentice to the business?

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N.B.-The above sentences may also be analysed as follows:

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Mention each predicate, and say of what it consists :

6. The

1. The south wind blows. 2. Your words are precious. 3. A glacier is a river of ice. 4. The early flowers expand. 5. I am he. falling out of faithful friends renewing is of love. 7. The meek-eyed morn appears. 8. Their first idea was to secure it. 9. Sad hours seem long. 10. The emperor was made a prisoner. 11. His wit is of various kinds. 12. Lucy was there. 13. He was born blind. 14. The young Antoninus was declared emperor. 15. Our work is over. 16. The stately priory was reared. 17. The nest of the goldfinch is pretty. 18. The fairest action of our human life is scorning to revenge an injury. 19. The cold earth was his couch. 20. The Englishman himself was of a romantic character. 21. All those early friends are near. 22. The first of them did seem of riper years. 23. Beautiful was the night. 24. Thou art a day of mirth. 25. Sequestered nature was his heart's delight. 26. His cheek seemed careworn. 27. Our purpose is to improve our circumstances. 28. My hands are of your colour. ^29. I have been unhappy. 30. National

enthusiasm is the great nursery of genius. 31. A sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things. 32. The earth is called the mother of all things. 33. He became thoughtful. 34. One seemed a knight all armed. 35. Almost all the heathen temples were dark. 36. Half enraged she grew. 37. The tune is of the brisk, cheerful kind. 38. Fair grew foul. 39. The age of Queen Elizabeth is called the golden age of English poetry. 40. The best way of separating a man's self from the world, is to give up the desire of being known in it.

Analyse

EXERCISE 8.

1. Each field is a hallowed spot. 2. The marsh is frozen. 3. His rancour against the Duke was apparent. 4. The budding floweret blushes. 5. The final blow had been struck. 6. It was a fine bright night. 7. Justice was a god of sovereign grace. 8. The tops of the mountains were white. 9. The last night of the week came. 10. The world of waters is our home. 11. Great men have been among us. 12. Am I my brother's keeper? 13. Bright be the place of thy soul! 14. 'Tis sweet to see the evening star appear. 15. Light be the turf of thy tomb! 16. To be uncivil is beneath the character of a gentleman. 17. Order is heaven's first law. 18. She died a queen. 19. He was past sense of feeling. 20. Rage must be withstood. 21. The air is damp. 22. Travellers must be content. 23. It was a dreadful death. 24. Sweet are the uses of adversity. 25. The evening is an emblem of autumn. 26. You appeared astonished. 27. My sire is of a noble line. 28. The conversation grew animated. 29. The same sweet sounds are in my ear. 30. Our theme shall be of yesterday. 31. Conscience is a thousand swords. 32. We are time's subjects. 33. The private wound is deepest. 34. My way is on the bright blue sea. 35. Melancholy is the curse of frenzy. 36. My own pet lamb is innocent. 37. Our thoughts are ours. 38. Thy only dream is liberty. 39. It was a childish ignorance. 40. That wretched life of thine shall be the forfeit. 41. An honest man's the noblest work of God. 42. Affliction's sons are brothers in distress. 43. The proper study of mankind is man. 44. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. 45. This is the noblest Roman of them all. 46. Prosperity's the very bond of love. 47. It was a great chimney with glazed Dutch tiles. 48. Short is the doubtful empire of the night. 49. All three of them are desperate. 50. This is a most majestic vision.

23. The predicate is enlarged by any word or words standing in the objective or adverbial relation: as, The traveller heard the shout; The squire lives there. Words in the objective relation are said to complete the predicate, and words in the adverbial relation are said to extend the predicate.

Explanation.-The noun shout is in the objective case governed by the transitive verb heard: hence it is said to be in the objective relation, and is called the Completion of the Predicate. The adverb there modifies the verb ives: hence it is said to be in the adverbial relation, and is called the Extension of the Predicate.

QUESTIONS ON §§ 15-23.

1. Of what may the predicate consist? 2. What is a finite verb? 3. When can the werb to be form a predicate by itself? 4. What does the predicate denote? 5. Which verbs are called copulative? 6. What is the complement? 7. What is the complemen

tary nominative or nominative completion? 8. What is an attributive complement? 9. What is an appositive complement? 10. How may the complement be enlarged? 11. What are verbs of incomplete predication? 12. Explain the construction "The field is of vast extent." 13. How is the predicate enlarged? 14. How is the predicate completed? 15. How is the predicate extended?

CHAPTER IV. THE COMPLETION OF THE PREDICATE.

24. The predicate, when it consists of a transitive verb active voice, is completed by expressing the word or words which are in the objective relation to the verb. Sometimes, however, another term is required to be expressed before the sense of the predicate is completed.

25. Hence there are two kinds of objects, the Direct Object and the Indirect Object.

I. The Direct Object.

26. The Direct Object is either a noun, or a word or phrase equivalent to a noun, in the objective case. Thus, it may be :1. A noun: as, The bee forsakes the flower.

2. A pronoun: as, A soldier caught him.

3. An adjective used as a noun, or with a noun understood: as, The poet loves the Beautiful; We pity the poor [people].

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4. (a) A verb in the infinitive mood: as, He learns to write. An infinitive phrase: as, The Commons promised to defend the country.

5. (a) A verbal or participial noun*: as, He regretted speaking.

(b) A participial + phrase: as, We enjoy roaming along the shore.

(c) A participle with a noun understood: as, The nurses cheer the moaning [persons]; They soothe the tortured [persons]:

6. A quotation: as, "Try not the pass!" the old man said. 7. A sentence: as, He hath decreed that thou shouldest cheat the malice of the grave.

N.B.-A sentence of this kind is called a noun sentence (§ 58).

* Or gerund.

Or gerundial.

27. Those verbs, which in the active voice take two objects, retain a direct object in the passive voice: as,

Active. My father taught me music.

Passive. I was taught music by my father.

Such verbs are :-Advance, allow, ask, bring, buy, cost, deny, do, envy, fine, forward, give, grant, guarantee, leave, lend, make, offer, order, pay, procure, promise, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, yield.

Obs. Some writers call the retained object after a passive verb an indirect object. 28. Many intransitive verbs take an object of kindred meaning called the Cognate Object: as, He lived a noble life.

Obs. The cognate object is, in analysis, to be classed as a direct object:

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Mention each direct object, and say of what it consists:1. Reft of a crown, he yet may share the feast. 2. They could not defend themselves. 3. This maiden worships the Ideal. 4. The wise man loves the virtuous. 5. I scorn to deny it. 6. They left off speaking. 7. The heralds cried "God save the Queen." 8. This fisherman has often rescued the drowning. 9. They hear a voice in every wind. 10. The spot our village children know. 11. A clear dewy heaven of rest envelops him. 12. He has not attempted to make a verse since. 13. The stirring of a child's finger brings the two together. 14. I hate to have thee climb that wall by night. 15. The starling may be taught some words. 16. Two curs shall tame each other. 17. I love to view these things with curious eyes. 18. The trooper could not avoid hearing the whispered conversation. 19. "Break off!" said Harold. 20. Philip proposed to take the field at once. 21. A wise king scattereth the wicked. 22. Hark! his hands the lyre explore. 23. "Stay here!" quoth he. 24. I

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