46. An order will state at its foot the name of the commander by whose authority it is issued.

It may be authenticated by the signature of the commanding officer, but usually it is signed by the adjutant, adjutant general, or chief of staff.

47. Under the order note briefly the manner in which it was communicated; for example,

"Dictated to Adjutants."

66

Copies to regimental and battery commanders and to chiefs of staff departments.'

Example of an Order Issued during a Halt on the Road, before the Completion of a Day's March.

FIELD ORDERS

No. 3.

Allentown, Pa., 3 May 02, 2.15 p. m.

1. No further information concerning the enemy has been received; it is believed that he is still in camp at Wellsville.

2. This command will rest two days, the 4th and 5th of May, and then resume the advance.

3. The camp for to-night will be on the east bank of Beaver Creek, the leading regiment of the main body halting just south of Beeville. The order in which the troops marched will be preserved as far as practicable.

4. The reserve of the advance guard will bivouac at Elliston's farm. Temporary outposts will be established along the line Bellevue-Jackson-Fielding's. Cavalry patrols will scout through the Berkeley hills.

5. The regimental trains will join the troops; the other trains will park east of Kernstown.

6. Division headquarters will be at the schoolhouse in Beeville. Outpost orders will be issued at 3 p. m. to-day.

By command of Major-General N.

A...... F..

Chief of Staff.

Copies to commanders and to chiefs of staff departments.

Example of Order for the March of a Detached Brigade.

FIELD ORDERS, HEADQUARTERS SECOND BRIGADE, FOURTH DIVISION,
FIFTH ARMY CORPS,
Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 7 Mar 02, 7.30 p.m.

No. 5.

1. The enemy is reported to be assembling near Valley Falls, Kans. Our Fourth Division will begin crossing the Missouri River at Leavenworth early to-morrow.

2.

This command will occupy the line of the Big
Stranger Creek to-morrow.

3. (a) The Independent Cavalry will start at 6
a. m., march rapidly to Easton, scouting
the country to the north and south of
the road, and after arrival will recon-
noiter 5 miles to the west and toward
Springdale.

(b) The Advance Guard will start from the cemetery at 6.15 a. m. and march by the road Fort Leavenworth-Frenchman'sEaston.

(c) The Main Body will follow at 1,500 yards. (d) The Right Flank Guard will start at 6 a.m. and march via Kickapoo to Millwood. Patrols will reconnoiter to the north of the line Kickapoo-Millwood, and connection will be kept up with the Main Body.

4. The regimental train will be parked at Fort Leavenworth and remain there until 10 a. m., after which it will follow the command to Easton, under escort of 1 platoon, 5th Cav.

5. The Commanding General will be at the head of the main body.

By command of Brigadier General H......

T...... R.......
Adjutant General.

Dictated to adjutants, battery commander, and commander of engineers.
Copy to brigade surgeon and brigade quartermaster.

THE ISSUE AND TRANSMISSION OF ORDERS.

48. In campaign it will usually be impracticable to print orders and to distribute the number of copies prescribed for time of peace. Moreover, in many cases it will be desirable to keep orders secret as long as possible and confine knowledge thereof to chiefs of staff departments and commanders of the larger tactical units. Writing machines and carbon paper, or other means of manifolding, can often be carried with the headquarters baggage; or, owing to the

present general use of such articles, they may be available in our own, or even in the enemy's country.

In going into the field it is advisable for headquarters to take along a liberal supply of stationery and facilities for writing orders and correspondence. In addition, every general staff officer, adjutant general, adjutant, and aid should carry a blank book with alternate perforated leaves, and with carbon sheets in a pocket, of convenient size for the saddlebags. This book should have a water-proof cover; also compartments for maps, papers, and pencils. A similar book or pad of smaller size should be carried in the dispatch case or coat pocket.

49. The manner of issuing orders in the field is influenced to a large extent by circumstances. The smaller units will usually issue verbal or dictated orders, the commanding officers or their adjutants being assembled either at established hours or pursuant to a special call. When ample time and facilities are available, typewritten copies of orders will be furnished from headquarters of the large units to the commanders of the next lower units, to the chiefs of auxiliary arms or special forces, to the chiefs of staff departments, and to commanders of independent organizations.

50. In large commands it takes some time for formal orders to reach all the lower units; this may be roughly estimated at one hour for a brigade and an hour and a half for a division. The hour stated at the top of an order for operations should be the hour of signature.

Regularity in the hour of issue of orders is out of the question, depending as it often does on information waited for; but every effort should be made to get them out in ample time. The minor staffs will have to work several hours after receipt of orders; officers have to be assembled to receive them or messengers sent out to deliver them. All this may run late into the night or reduce the time necessary for preparation.

After orders have been dictated, one of the recipients should read them out for correction of errors, and notation should be made on the original as to how and to whom they were furnished.

Orders for operations should not be issued a longer time in advance than is necessary for their distribution and for final preparations. The knowledge of the reasons for preliminary arrangements should be confined to the higher commanders and staff officers charged with their execution.

Owing to the great difficulty of transmitting new orders after the beginning of an engagement, all officers, and in minor affairs, all 30075-08-3

noncommissioned officers, should be acquainted, at the time of distribution of orders, with the plan of the commanding officer, so that in case of unforeseen difficulties they may continue to act in conformity with the general plan without waiting for orders.

51. Orders for any body of troops will be addressed to its commander. They will be executed by the commander present, and will be published and copies distributed by him when necessary.

In the field verbal and important written orders are carried by officers. Dispatches for distant corps should be intrusted only to officers, to whom their contents may be confided.

Enlisted men will be employed to carry important dispatches only in special and urgent cases. The precise hours of departure and the rates at which they are to be conveyed will be written clearly on the covers of all dispatches transmitted by orderlies.

52. The mounted messengers required on the march, in action or on outpost duty, will be furnished by the cavalry on receipt of orders to that effect. Infantry requires mounted messengers as soon as contact with the enemy is impending; every detachment should have some mounted men with it for that purpose, if for no other.

53. Moderation in the assignment of mounted orderlies and messengers is imperatively required to prevent the reduction of the numbers of the cavalry in the ranks. Messengers should be sent back to their organizations as soon as their specific duties are at an end.

Whenever good roads are available, cyclists may be employed with advantage instead of mounted orderlies. All means conveniently available should be utilized to facilitate the transmission of orders and messages.

It is the duty of all officers, without special orders, to do all in their power to assist the forwarding of orders and messages. A messenger need not alter his pace when passing superiors.

54. Important orders or messages to be sent by telephone should be dictated from written copy and be repeated from the copy made at the receiving station.

Acknowledgment of receipt of important telegrams will be

required.

When the usual means of communication can not be established or fail to work, relay lines of mounted men will be necessary. For details of the relay service, see paragraphs 87 and 88.

MESSAGES, REPORTS, SKETCHES, AND WAR DIARIES.

55. In order to frame suitable orders the commanding officer must know the situation. Information will usually come in detail from a variety of sources. The higher commanders, adjoining troops, the statements of inhabitants, newspapers, letters, telegraph files, answers of prisoners-all contribute to the general fund.

Safe conclusions as to the present state of affairs with the enemy can, however, only be drawn from actual reconnaissance and from the collation of observations made at many different points. It is the duty, therefore, of all persons connected with the military service who may come into the possession of information, to furnish it at once and as fully as possible to their superior officers. This is often put in the form of brief messages, for which blank forms are furnished.

56. A report is an account or statement of conditions or events. It is usually drawn up at comparative leisure, is the supplement and expansion of short messages, and thus gains the value of greater detail. A brief message should of course be sent after every fight, but the detailed report to be made later is also required.

57. The use of the message blank (see reduced copy next page) requires no explanation, except, perhaps, that the heading "Sending Detachment" should be filled in with the name of the body of troops with which the writer is on duty, as "Officer's patrol, Troop B, 3d Cav." The address is to be written briefly; the signature, simply the writer's surname and rank.

The message should be brief and clear, resembling a telegram. The writer should carefully separate what he has actually seen from information received second-hand. The message blank may also be used to convey orders to subordinates.

The message should be inclosed in an envelope, when one is available. It is customary to leave the envelope open, so that commanders along the line of march may read the contents. The messenger retains the envelope, with the hour of arrival authenticated thereon by the receiver; or a receipt is furnished.