be given as passes to the ambulance train and other transportation, or the weak and foot-sore may be relieved of their equipment and permitted to march in rear of the regimental ambulance.

650. Upon arrival at the day's destination all but the trivial cases will be transferred to the field hospital. Those unable to march next morning will be transferred to stationary hospitals, or they may be left under shelter-in houses if practicable-with the necessary attendance until taken charge of by the medical service of the line of communications, the chief of which should be duly notified.

651. The firearms, individual equipment, and clothing of soldiers who fall out will be carried with them when admitted to the ambulance or hospital.

SERVICE DURING AND AFTER A BATTLE.

652. At the beginning of an engagement, while the troops are deploying, the wounded will be cared for by the regimental surgeons. Those able to walk will be directed to the rear, the others will be taken to sheltered places out of the way of advancing troops.

As the troops take battle formation the officers and men of the regimental sanitary personnel, previously equipped, accompany their organizations.

653. Each officer and man will carefully retain the first-aid packet issued by the regimental surgeon at the beginning of the campaign, and, when wounded, will apply the bandage himself or with the assistance of a comrade.

654. The distribution and work of the regimental hospital corps men will be under the direction of the senior medical officer with the regiment. The band will be utilized as directed by the regimental commander. The wounded will be placed under cover from fire if possible. They will not be taken to the rear at this stage as the regimental personnel must remain in touch with their units. Diagnosis tags will be attached to all wounded at this or a later stage, whichever may be practicable.

655. The following stations will be established for the care of wounded during battle:

1. Dressing stations.

2. Ambulance stations.

3. Field hospitals.

656. As soon as the advance ceases, dressing stations will be established by dressing-station parties, under the direction of the brigade surgeon, at the nearest points in rear of the line of battle where the wounded will be sheltered from fire. Litter squads are sent out to bring the wounded to the stations.

657. Ambulance stations at the rate of one to a brigade will be established by the brigade surgeon at places affording protection from fire.

658. Helpless wounded brought in during the engagement will be removed to the field hospital, but the principal work of the ambulances begins at the end of the battle and consists in the evacuation of the dressing stations.

659. Such field hospitals as may be required will be established by the division surgeon, after consultation with the division commander if practicable. The site should be at least 3 miles from the front, near a by-road, and on a stream when feasible. An ample supply of water is necessary, and suitable buildings are of great advantage.

660. All of the sanitary personnel will wear the prescribed brassard. Dressing stations, ambulance stations, and field hospitals will be marked by the national and red cross flags; at night by red lanterns.

661. After an engagement it is the duty of commanding officers to organize a thorough search of the battlefield in their vicinity for wounded, and to furnish the necessary assistance for their protection and removal.

The "service of the rear" eventually converts the field hospitals into stationary hospitals, releasing the personnel and material. It takes charge of the care of the sick and wounded and of their transfer to home stations.

MISCELLANEOUS.

662. Disability. No officer, soldier, or civilian physically unfit will be permitted to accompany troops on active service. The commanding officer, upon the approved recommendation of the senior surgeon present, will exclude such persons from participation in active operations and from the formation of expeditionary forces.

663. Examination.-A medical officer of the Army, detailed upon the recommendation of the Surgeon-General, will superintend, at camps of mobilization, the physical examination required by law of all the officers and men of the organized militia mustered, or about to be mustered, into the service of the United States.

Troops at regimental camps of organization and instruction wil be carefully examined for the presence of contagious disease, including typhoid fever, before their movement to camps of concentration, which shall be contingent on the results of such examination. This examination will be made by a medical officer of the regular establishment when present, otherwise by the senior volunteer medi

cal officer. In case no contagious disease is found, a certificate to that effect will be made by telegraph to the War Department.

664. No charge will be made for the subsistence of officers, contract surgeons, and contract dental surgeons in field hospitals unless the duration of the stay in such hospitals is longer than forty-eight hours.

When a soldier is admitted to a base, stationary, or general hospital and no descriptive list has been received, the regimental commander will be notified of the fact by the commanding officer of the hospital. The former will then cause the soldier's descriptive list to be sent to the hospital by the man's company commander.

THE GENEVA CONVENTION.

665. The United States and the principal European and other powers, wishing to improve and supplement the provisions agreed upon at Geneva on August 22, 1864, for the amelioration of the condition of the sick and wounded in armies in the field, decided to conclude a new convention to that effect. Accordingly representatives of these countries met at Geneva and on July 6, 1906, signed a new convention. The articles of this convention, which were ratified by the President of the United States January 2, 1907, and proclaimed August 7, 1907, are as follows:

CHAPTER I.-The sick and wounded.

ARTICLE 1. Officers, soldiers, and other persons officially attached to armies, who are sick or wounded, shall be respected and cared for, without distinction of nationality, by the belligerent in whose power they are.

A belligerent, however, when compelled to leave his wounded in the hands of his adversary, shall leave with them, so far as military conditions permit, a portion of the personnel and matériel of his sanitary service to assist in caring for

them.

ART. 2. Subject to the care that must be taken of them under the preceding article, the sick and wounded of an army who fall into the power of the other belligerent become prisoners of war, and the general rules of international law in respect to prisoners become applicable to them.

The belligerents remain free, however, to mutally agree upon such clauses, by way of exception or favor, in relation to the wounded or sick as they may deem proper. They shall especially have authority to agree:

1. To mutually return the sick and wounded left on the field of battle after an engagement.

2. To send back to their own country the sick and wounded who have recovered, or who are in a condition to be transported and whom they do not desire to retain as prisoners.

3. To send the sick and wounded of the enemy to a neutral state, with the consent of the latter and on condition that it shall charge itself with their internment until the close of hostilities.

ART. 3. After every engagement the belligerent who remains in possession of the field of battle shall take measures to search for the wounded and to protect the wounded and dead from robbery and ill treatment.

He will see that a careful examination is made of the bodies of the dead prior to their interment or incineration.

ART. 4. As soon as possible each belligerent shall forward to the authorities of their country or army the marks or military papers of identification found upon the bodies of the dead, together with a list of names of the sick and wounded taken in charge by him.

Belligerents will keep each other mutually advised of internments and transfers, together with admissions to hospitals and deaths which occur among the sick and wounded in their hands. They will collect all objects of personal use, valuables, letters, etc., which are found upon the field of battle, or have been left by the sick or wounded who have died in sanitary formations or other establishments, for transmission to persons in interest through the authorities of their own country.

ART. 5. Military authority may make an appeal to the charitable zeal of the inhabitants to receive and, under its supervision, to care for the sick and wounded of the armies, granting to persons responding to such appeals special protection and certain immunities.

CHAPTER II.-Sanitary formations and establishments.

ART. 6. Mobile sanitary formations (i. e., those which are intended to accompany armies in the field) and the fixed establishments belonging to the sanitary service shall be protected and respected by belligerents.

ART. 7. The protection due to sanitary formations and establishments ceases if they are used to commit acts injurious to the enemy.

ART. 8. A sanitary formation or establishment shall not be deprived of the protection accorded by article 6 by the fact:

1. That the personnel of a formation or establishment is armed and uses its arms in self-defense or in defense of its sick and wounded.

2. That in the absence of armed hospital attendants, the formation is guarded by an armed detachment or by sentinels acting under competent orders.

3. That arms or cartridges, taken from the wounded and not yet turned over to the proper authorities, are found in the formation or establishment.

CHAPTER III.-Personnel.

ART. 9. The personnel charged exclusively with the removal, transportation, and treatment of the sick and wounded, as well as with the administration of sanitary formations and establishments, and the chaplains attached to armies, shall be respected and protected under all circumstances. If they fall into the hands of the enemy they shall not be considered as prisoners of war.

These provisions apply to the guards of sanitary formations and establishments in the case provided for in section 2 of article 8.

ART.10. The personnel of volunteeraid societies, duly recognized and authorized by their own governments, who are employed in the sanitary formations and establishments of armies, are assimilated to the personnel contemplated in the⚫ preceding article, upon condition that the said personnel shall be subject to military laws and regulations.

Each state shall make known to the other, either in time of peace or at the opening, or during the progress of hostilities, and in any case before actual employment, the names of the societies which it has authorized to render assistance, under its responsibility, in the official sanitary service of its armies.

ART. 11. A recognized society of a neutral state can only lend the services of its sanitary personnel and formations to a belligerent with the prior consent of. its own government and the authority of such belligerent. The belligerent who has accepted such assistance is required to notify the enemy before making any use thereof.

ART. 12. Persons described in articles 9, 10, and 11 will continue in the exercise of their functions, under the direction of the enemy, after they have fallen into his power.

When their assistance is no longer indispensable they will be sent back to their army or country, within such period and by such route as may accord with mili

tary necessity. They will carry with them such effects, instruments, arms, and horses as are their private property.

ART. 13. While they remain in his power, the enemy will secure to the personnel mentioned in article 9 the same pay and allowances to which persons of the same grade in his own army are entitled.

CHAPTER IV.-Matériel.

ART. 14. If mobile sanitary formations fall into the power of the enemy, they shall retain their matériel, including the teams, whatever may be the means of transportation and the conducting personnel. Competent military authority, however, shall have the right to employ it in caring for the sick and wounded. The restitution of the matériel shall take place in accordance with the conditions prescribed for the sanitary personnel, and, as far as possible, at the same time. ART. 15. Buildings and matériel pertaining to fixed establishments shall remain subject to the laws of war, but can not be diverted from their use so long as they are necessary for the sick and wounded. Commanders of troops engaged in operations, however, may use them, in case of important military necessity, if, before such use, the sick and wounded who are in them have been provided for.

ART. 16. The matériel of aid societies admitted to the benefits of this convention, in conformity to the conditions therein established, is regarded as private property and, as such, will be respected under all circumstances, save that it is subject to the recognized right of requisition by belligerents in conformity to the laws and usages of war.

CHAPTER V.-Convoys of evacuation.

ART. 17. Convoys of evacuation shall be treated as mobile sanitary formations subject to the following special provisions:

1. A belligerent intercepting a convoy may, if required by military necessity, break up such convoy, charging himself with the care of the sick and wounded whom it contains.

2. In this case the obligation to return the sanitary personnel, as provided for in article 12, shall be extended to include the entire military personnel employed, under competent orders, in the transportation and protection of the convoy.

The obligation to return the sanitary matériel, as provided for in article 14, shall apply to railway trains and vessels intended for interior navigation which have been especially equipped for evacuation purposes, as well as to the ordinary vehicles, trains, and vessels which belong to the sanitary service.

Military vehicles, with their teams, other than those belonging to the sanitary service, may be captured.

The civil personnel and the various means of transportation obtained by requisition, including railway matériel and vessels utilized for convoys, are subject to the general rules of international law.

CHAPTER VI.-Distinctive emblem.

ART. 18. Out of respect to Switzerland the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground, formed by the reversal of the Federal colors, is continued as the emblem and distinctive sign of the sanitary service of armies.

ART. 19. This emblem appears on flags and brassards as well as upon all matériel appertaining to the sanitary service, with the permission of the competent military authority.

ART. 20. The personnel protected in virtue of the first paragraph of article 9, and articles 10 and 11, will wear attached to the left arm a brassard bearing a red cross on a white ground, which will be issued and stamped by competent military authority, and accompanied by a certificate of identity in the case of persons attached to the sanitary service of armies who do not have military uniform.

ART. 21. The distinctive flag of the convention can only be displayed over the sanitary formations and establishments which the convention provides shall be