A LIST OF PERSONS TO WHOM THE AUTHORSHIP OF "THE JUNIUS LETTERS' HAS BEEN ATTRIBUTED

MENTIONED IN 1812 AND 1814 BY DR. MASON GOOD,
EDITOR OF WOODFALL EDITIONS.

Dr. Butler, Bishop of Hereford One of the King's Chaplains when the Letters attacked the King.

Rev. Philip Rosenhagen .

John Wilkes .

D.N.B.

Ex-army chaplain. Could not write
well.
J. A.

In the King's Bench prison from
April 1768 for two years. J. A.

John Dunning, Lord Ashburton Solicitor-General 1769, so he could

not attack ministry.

J. A.

MENTIONED IN 1867 IN ADDITION TO THE ABOVE IN ALLIBONE'S 'DICTIONARY OF AUTHORS' AND BY MR. HERMAN MERIVALE IN 'MEMOIRS OF SIR PHILIP FRANCIS.'

REMARKS.

Attacked in the early Letters. Both
rank and gout make it impossible.
Dependent on Lord Shelburne who was
attacked.

The dates of Letters to his godson
shew that he was at Bath between
October 17 and November 27, 1768.
Also between October 10 and No-
vember 24, 1769. During those
periods Junius was in or near London,
and wrote six Letters (Nos. XXVII.
to XXXII.), also eight of the Mis-
cellaneous series (Nos. XLVI. to LII.
and No. LXI.), and three Private
Letters to Woodfall (Nos. 11 to 13).
A needy man.
Ruined in 1769 when
the Letters began. Junius was
comfortably off.
D.N.B.
Was not the man to praise himself,
and was written to by Junius.
Spent much time at Stowe. Wrote of
himself to Lord Suffolk on January
24, 1771, that he was a retired man.
Claim pronounced absurd by the
D.N.B.

Only twenty-three when the Letters
began. On the Continent while
they appeared.

Secretary to Lord Shelburne who was attacked. Criticised himself in Miscellaneous Letter of March 6, 1771.

J. A.

Never made any mark as a writer.
Held a Government position as Teller
of the Exchequer, so could not attack
his employers.
D.N.B.

Tory up to 1769. Scotchman. Junius
was hard on the Scotch, and spoke
ill of Wedderburn.
D.N.B.

NAME.

Sir Philip Francis

Dr. Francis

Mrs. Macaulay

Edward Gibbon

The Duke of Portland

James Grenville .

Richard Glover

James Hollis

John Horne Tooke

Henry Grattan.

Horace Walpole

REMARKS.

Has been discussed fully in foregoing pages.

He wrote as a party hack, and was a man of no means such as Junius had.

Born 1733. A good writer, but Junius was not feminine.

Busy with his History from 1768 onwards.

3rd Duke, born 1738, under thirty and without experience when Junius began to write.

Not mentioned in Allibone's Dictionary
as having written anything.

A poet. Not a prose writer or a critic.
D.N.B.

Same as James Grenville.

Till 1782 he was the Rev. Mr. Horne,
and wrote against Junius.

In a letter of November 4, 1805, he
denied it, saying he was a boy at the
time.
J. A.

Was not sufficiently in earnest to have
done this work.

Lt.-Gen. Sir Robert Rich. Was commanding troops at London

derry and broken in health. D.N.B. Is here described.

At Maestricht, November 1771, when
Junius was watching Garrick at
Richmond.

T.

D.N.B.

J. A.-John Almon.

NOTE.

Preface to his edition of Junius, 1805.

M. G.-Dr. Mason Good. Preface to Woodfall, 1812-1814.
T.-Hon. E. Twisleton. Preface to Handwriting of Junius.
D.N.B.-Dictionary of National Biography.

CHAPTER XIII

LITERATURE-ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES- -SECOND MARRIAGE

1780-1785

IN 1780 Almon published for Pownall two editions of a book of 127 octavo pages called

A

MEMORIAL MOST HUMBLY ADDRESSED ΤΟ THE
SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE ON THE PRESENT STATE
OF AFFAIRS BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW WORLD1

It draws the attention of Europe to the fact that in America a new and independent power had arisen which would have to be reckoned with in all international questions. It foretells that unless

the Powers of Europe will view the state of things as they do really exist . . . they will be plunged into a sea of troubles, a sea of blood fathomless and boundless. The war that has begun to rage betwixt Britain, France and Spain, which is almost gorged betwixt Britain and America, will extend itself to all the maritime, and most likely to all the inland powers of Europe.2

He saw coming an era of strife on a larger scale than that of the Thirty Years' War of the seventeenth century,

1 This appeared anonymously in the first instance. When it was included by Pownall in the Three Memorials of 1784 the preface he then wrote explained his having originally withheld his name from this one, "I wished that the world might receive the state of the case solely on the authority of the facts and not on the testimony of any name."

2 It will be observed that this was written just nine years before the outbreak of the French Revolution, led by men encouraged in their action in 1789 by the success of the Revolutionary Party in America whose independence had been obtained six years earlier by the support afforded to them by the rulers of France. They, when they entered into the Treaty with America in 1778, placed themselves on the side of the governed against the governing classes. By so doing they established a precedent for successful insurrection which led to their own destruction, and to the Napoleonic Wars which followed, exactly as Pownall here predicted.

and was aware that it had lain in the power of England to prevent this in its origin. It would, he knew, all arise from and follow the breach with the English colonies.

The basis of a Great Marine Dominion was laid by nature, and the God of Nature offered that dominion to the only Power with which the spirit of liberty then dwelt. But the Government of that State being wise in its own conceit, not only above but against those things which existed, rejected nature and would have none of her ways.

Pownall hits out here at the British Ministry, and the Sovereign whose puppets they had been, quite in the same tone and almost as fiercely as Junius had done ten years before. Junius had written anonymously, Pownall was writing in his own name and had to be more guarded, for the King's hand was a heavy one. Allowing for this difference it may be said that Pownall shewed as little appreciation of the authorities as Junius had done. He describes the British as half-ruined by its being

unfortunately for them a principal part of the miserable baseless plan of their inexperienced advisers. .. to reform the constitutions of their American establishments. Although they could not be ignorant, although they were not uninformed, that the course of this reform must lead to war,

they had rashly precipitated the appeal to arms.

But, alas, when they were so ready for war they little thought, or could be made to understand, what sort of a war it would turn out.

In another passage he declares that

they have not only lost for ever the dominion which they might have wrought their nation up to, but the external parts of the Empire are, one after another, falling off and it will be once more reduced to its insular existence.

Pownall was sure that the English, who had already paid dearly for the quarrel caused by their King and by those who were nominally his Ministers, really his creatures, would have to pay still more in the future. He was sure also that the position of the United States would keep them out of the impending troubles, whatever might result from "the present war between Britain and the House of Bourbon." Destruction to one or other of those two combatants was foretold. He spoke of the comparison he was about to make of the old and the new