am no enemy to good fellowship, and have often cursed that canting parson for wishing to deny you your claret."

We have seen indications that when he was a young man in Boston Pownall had made the pace a little faster than the local Puritans thought seemly in their Governor. In 1780, when he was looking back on his youth in America, he wrote that "his life was a compound of business and frivolity abroad." Since then he had settled down, but he had no doubt heard the chimes at midnight in his day, and when that was over he was not, any more than Junius, the man to grudge a bottle of claret to his neighbour.

As a man of the world Junius was able to distinguish between the personal attributes and the public utility of Wilkes, to whom, when on the right track, he wished success and shewed sympathy, especially in matters relating to America and Ireland. In 1769, two years before this private correspondence of Junius with Wilkes, Pownall had spent some time in Ireland. That country thenceforth had a share in his thoughts which were chiefly occupied with America; in the capacity of Junius it would be natural for him to approve, as Junius did, of the attention given by Wilkes to Ireland and America.

But when it came to public affairs Pownall was as far removed as Junius from having any sympathy with such disturbance of order as Wilkes caused. A letter of his, dated February 3, 1769, has been quoted, in which he described Wilkes as a bad man, but objected to the grounds on which the prosecution was based. Seventeen years earlier he had written that

it were endless to observe how many free people have lost their liberty by their leaders using the principles of liberty to the base purposes of party and faction. For where these friends have once insinuated themselves, or been imposed upon a people under this fair disguise, they have never failed to break all that order and harmony, and to dissolve that communion by which alone a Government can subsist.

4

It has been mentioned that in 1765 Pownall had described Otis and the other demagogues, who were then disturbing Boston, much in the same way and from the same cause as Wilkes disturbed London, as being "perhaps

1 Memorial to the Sovereigns of Europe, Preface, p. v.

2 See ante, p. 212.

3 Principles of Polity, 1752, p. 15. 4 See ante, p. 182.

the worst as well as the lowest part of the people." A man holding those views was not to be run away with by a demagogue. But to try to put a bridle on the enthusiast, and then use his force to carry his rider to the goal of liberty which both were seeking, was another matter. That is what Junius tried to do with Wilkes, and it is also what Pownall desired to see done with Otis, whose action is deplored in the letters addressed to Cooper by Pownall from London. In his dealings with Wilkes Junius appears as a friend to liberty but an enemy to license, and that is precisely the attitude which Pownall took up with regard to Otis, the American counterpart and contemporary of Wilkes.

THE TOWNSHEND BROTHERS

The Miscellaneous Letter of August 25, 1767, contains a passage which reads:

I find you and your brother-printers have got greatly into a sort of knack of stuffing your papers with flummery upon two certain brothers. . . . I am not a stranger to this par nobile fratrum. I have served under the one and have been forty times promised to be served by the other.

A footnote? explains that these two were Lord Townshend and his brother Charles, the Chancellor of the Exchequer.3 As the former had been a soldier serving abroad, and the latter a Parliament man living at home, none of the early commentators on Junius could understand how he or any one else could have been connected with two men who lived such very different lives. This mystery was solved by Mr. Griffin who pointed out that before Lord Townshend succeeded to the title he had been the Brigadier-General of that name who had taken over the command at Quebec on Wolfe's death, and afterwards served in Germany with the army of Prince Ferdinand. There Townshend was a general officer and Pownall ranked as a colonel.

1 See ante, pp. 222, 268.

2 Woodfall, 1814, ii. pp. 468-469.

It was

3 To whom was addressed the anonymous Letter of 1760 "to an Honourable Brigadier General” which has been before mentioned as ascribed by Mr. Simons to Junius in 1841.

therefore quite in order for him, in the capacity of Junius, to say he had served under this brother.

As to Charles Townshend, before he went to the Exchequer he had been Secretary at War, therefore at the head of the office which included the CommissaryGeneral's Department; as Pownall had been high up in that he must have been brought in contact with its Chief who had not improbably made promises which were never fulfilled. Very few men could say that they had been brought in touch with both brothers, but Pownall could say it. When Junius said the same Mr. Griffin was confirmed in the opinion that he did so because he was Pownall.

THOMAS WHATELY, M.P.

Mr. Thomas Whately, M.P., has been already mentioned as the recipient of the correspondence from Hutchinson and Oliver (the disclosure of which caused the celebrated duel) when he was Secretary to Mr. George Grenville. Deeply attached as he was to Grenville, Junius bitterly resented the action of Whately in abandoning the Opposition on Grenville's death and at once going over to the Government. Writing to Lord Suffolk on April 15, 1771, Junius says his conduct would be excusable "had you, like poor Whately, been reduced from a state of independence to the humiliating necessity of soliciting your support from administration. Three months earlier, on January 9, Junius made a very fierce attack on Whately which ended with the words, "Tom Whately, take care of yourself." 2

This Thomas Whately, like his nephew of the same name,3 was generally known to his intimates and family as "Tom" Whately. No stranger to him would, however, address him thus; it was just what Junius would not know how to do if he were a stranger to Whately. But Pownall did know; during Mr. Grenville's lifetime his secretary must have been a good deal thrown with Pownall, who was working with Grenville, and moreover Whately and Pownall were on the same committee 1 Woodfall, 1814, iii. p. 398. 2 Ibid. p. 311. 3 Grandfather of the present writer.