Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in MadagascarUniversity of Chicago Press, 2004年7月19日 - 324 頁 Long considered both best friend and worst enemy to humankind, fire is at once creative and destructive. On the endangered tropical island of Madagascar, these two faces of fire have fueled a century-long conflict between rural farmers and island leaders. Based on detailed fieldwork in Malagasy villages and a thorough archival investigation, Isle of Fire offers a detailed analysis of why Madagascar has always been aflame, why it always will be aflame, and ultimately, as Christian Kull argues, why it should remain aflame. |
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advantage Afotsara agriculture allowed annual antifire areas authorizations burning cattle cause central chapter clear collective colonial complex conservation continued cover criminalization crop fields cultivation decree deforestation degradation district ecological economic effects enforcement environmental et al example farmers fight figure Finally Forest Service GELOSE grass grassland highlands hills historical ideas important increase institutions Interview island land landscape laws lead least legislation livelihood locals Madagascar Malagasy natural needs noted officers pasture fires peasants percent period pine plant plots political population practices problem production protect Province rain received wisdom region regulations remains renewal repression resistance resource result rice rules rural season Second silk soil species tapia woodlands tavy tion tool trees vary vegetation village wood zones