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ON

BOTANY.

INCLUDING

Practical and Elementary Botany,

WITH

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS

OF

THE MOST COMMON NATIVE AND FOREIGN PLANTS,

AND

A VOCABULARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

FOR THE USE OF

HIGHER SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES.

BY MRS. ALMÍRA H. LINCOLN,

VICE-PRINCIPAL OF TROY FEMALE SEMINARY.

Hartford:

PUBLISHED BY H. AND F. J. HUNTINGTON;

G & C. & II. CARVILL, NEW-YORK; RICHARDSON & LORD, BOSTON.

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District of Connecticut, ss.

Be it remembered, that on the 4th day of July A. D. 1829, in the 54th year of the Independence of the United States of America, H. and F. J. Huntington of the said district have deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as propriétors in the words following, to wit: "Familiar Lectures on Botany, including Practical and Elementary Botany, with generic and specific descriptions of the most common Native and Foreign Plants, and a Vocabulary of Botanical Terms. For the use of Higher Schools and Academies. By Mrs. Almira H. Lincoln, Vice-Principal of Troy Female Seminary." In conformity to the Act of Congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned." And also to an Act, entitled "An Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching histo rical and other prints." CHARLES A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the district of Connecticut. A true copy of Record, examined and sealed by me,

CHARLES A. INGERSOLL,

Clerk of the district of Connecticut.

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TO

MY MOTHER,

MRS. LYDIA HEART.

Though a name conspicuous in the scientific world might add popularity to this little work now offered to the public; affection for my venerable parent induces me to dedicate to her, what will, to her, be interesting, however it may be regarded by the severe eye of criticism. That my sister has, within the past year, dedicated to our parent her "History of the Republic of America," has given me an opportunity to know, that there is a power in these marks of attention from her children, which may awaken more vivid emotions in the breast of my aged mother, than most events connected with a world, which has almost vanished from her sight in the brighter visions of eternity; that she may find the pious sentiments imbibed from herself, in some degree refected from the following pages, is the wish of her

DAUGHTER,

ALMIRA H. LINCOLN.

Troy Female Seminary, April 20, 1829.

PREFACE.

་་

"À preface," says Smellie, the author of the "Philosophy of Natural History," ""should contain an account of the circumstances and motives which induced an author to write upon that particular subject." The origin of the present volume, may be briefly traced. In the course of some years, devoted in part to the study of Botany, and with the charge of a large class, I found the want of a suitable book for beginners, and prepared for the use of my pupils a sketch, of which the following pages are but the filling up. The pupils were in the practice of copying the manuscript, but it required much time, and some of them expressed a wish that they might have the same in a printed form. In conversing with Professor Eaton on the subject, he urged the necessity of some suitable work for beginners, and generously offered me the assistance of some manuscripts formerly prepared by himself for a similar purpose. With so able an adviser as Professor Eaton, encouraged by my sister, the principal of this institution, and with no ordinary degree of enthusiasm for the science, I commenced preparing these lectures for the press.

With respect to botanical facts, I have no claim to any discoveries, neither have I ventured to make any innovations upon the science itself. The works of Mirbel, Demerson, Rosseau, St. Pierre, Smith, Thornton, Woodville, Eaton, Torrey, Bigelow, Nuttall, Elliot, Barton, Bartram, Rafinesque, Sumner, and Locke, Encyclopedias and the Journal of Science, have been consulted. With respect to the style, whatever may be its merits, or its faults; the arrangement of the work and the application of botanical facts to the mind, either with a view of strengthening its reasoning faculties, or to inspire devout affection, I consider myself as responsible. I have not intentionally, copied from any work, without giving credit to the author. The History of botanical science, in a considerable degree, is a very free translation from Mirbel.

The description of the genera and species of plants, with the Natural Orders of Linnæus and Jussieu, have been furnished me by Professor Eaton, to whom my thanks for this, and other kind offices are justly due.

It has been customary among botanical writers, to consider under separate heads, the physiology, anatomy, and classification of plants. This division, although proper in minute investigations upon physiology and anatomy,

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