thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to places of choosing Senators.

As a state legislature might easily embarrass Congress by regulations affecting the federal elections, Congress regulates the elections to its own body.

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SECTION 5-POWERS AND DUTIES OF EACH HOUSE-JOURNALS— ADJOURNMENTS

1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.

It has the power to compel its members to attend, and the wisdom of its legislation can only be questioned by the people at the polls.

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds expel a member.

Congress is its own master, subject only to the will of the people, expressed by their direct vote. Although its members cannot be impeached, yet it is the judge of a member's fitness and may purge itself of the unruly and unfit.

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Neither House may obstruct the other by adjournment or removing to some other place, and even the President may

not convene or adjourn them except upon extraordinary occasions.

SECTION 6-COMPENSATION OF SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVESPRIVILEGE FROM ARREST-FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND DEBATE-HOLDING OTHER OFFICES

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.

Congressmen can always be arrested for crime. They have no rights that other citizens do not have, except to say what they please on the floor of either House. If it is treasonable or a crime, the Congressman may be tried and convicted in a criminal court but he shall not be called to account otherwise.

This is to secure independence and fearlessness. He cannot be overawed or bulldozed by dread of prosecution. A Congressman is the MOUTHPIECE OF THE PEOPLE.

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.

A Congressman is not allowed to profit by his own official act; and a federal official cannot be a Congressman at the same time. Congressmen are trustees.

SECTION 7-PROCESS OF LEGISLATION-PRESIDENT'S VETO POWER

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

The House is the larger body, and chosen on the basis of population. The Senate has an equal number of members from each state. The larger and richer states are depended

upon for more revenue than the smaller ones. And, as they have a greater number of Representatives than the smaller states, it is most fitting that bills to raise money should start in the House.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds. of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Laws passed by Congress are laid before the President. He has ten days in which to sign or veto them. If he objects to a law, he returns it to Congress, to be reconsidered. If two-thirds of each House approve, it becomes a law without his signature.

This compels deliberation, discourages hasty and improper laws, and checks actions against the rights of er parts of the government. The President is chosen by all people of the nation, and it may be necessary to restrain the selfish interest of any one section or group.

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

As Congress, by passing an order, a resolution or a vote, may try to do that which would be vetoed by the President,

as a bill or law, all such acts are considered the same as if they were bills or laws.

SECTION 8-ENUMERATED POWERS OF CONGRESS

1. The Congress shall have power: To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

Congress has the power to make the United States a real and vital force as a nation. It cannot tax the people for any purpose except "to pay the debts, and provide for the com mon defence and general welfare of the United States;" and such taxes must be uniform.

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

The credit of the United States was the basis of the Liberty Loans, for example.

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;

The federal government controls our coasts, our har bors and our navigable streams; it regulates our foreign trade and our interstate commerce.

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

Each state, if left to itself, might admit foreigners to citizenship upon entirely different systems. And each state might make different rules to discharge a bankrupt from his debts, or prefer his creditors.

Uniformity in such matters makes citizenship equal, encourages industry and diminishes fraud.

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin and fix the standard of weights and measures;

If our forty-eight states each had a separate mone system, commerce and industry would be demoralized.

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

Counterfeiting of the national money and securities has become so dangerous that only the hardened criminal attempts it.

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;

The post-office, aided by steam and electricity, expanded by free delivery, rural service and parcel post, is one of the nation's methods to "promote the general welfare.”

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective writings and discoveries;

Authorship is protected and invention stimulated.

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;

As the population, intercourse and enterprise of the nation increases, and as the state courts are chiefly restricted to their local affairs, the inferior federal courts are established and extended.

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations;

The nation, as a whole, is most interested in sea crimes and in safeguarding international rights.

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

Only the whole people, through their law - makers, Congress, may declare war and regulate the conditions of war.

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

A standing army is unconstitutional. A regular army provided for by short term appropriations is not unconstitutional. This is a necessity. This policy prevents the United States from becoming a militaristic nation. The standing army has been the curse of nations.

13. To provide and maintain a navy;

No nation was ever deprived of its liberty by its navy. So the period of its naval appropriations need not be limited.