Could the state printing and binding be done more economically if given to private printers in the state?

7. Who compose the Executive Council? If given the power, could this council handle the affairs of the state without a legislature? What are their duties as a council?

8. Discuss the duties of the highway commission. In what ways do good roads benefit farmers? Town people? What advantages are good roads to consolidated schools? What amounts of money have been spent on road improvement? Has it been wisely spent? Why? Consult the county engineer or learn from books and other sources all you can concerning clay, loam, sandy and rocky roads, and the manner of improving them. Learn, if possible, the relative cost of brick, concrete, asphalt and macadam paving.

9. Discuss the duties of the board of health. Secure as many pamphlets and bulletins as possible from the secretary of this board, who will be glad to send them free of charge. Study these and make them the basis of investigation of problems of public health. Other sources should be drawn upon also. Investigate as many as possible of the following: (a) Contagious diseases, (b) disposal of household waste, (c) pure water, (d) medical and dental inspection in schools, (e) vaccination and quarantine, (f) ventilation of buildings, (g) baby health contests. In what ways are the commissioners of pharmacy and the dental examiners related to the problem of public health?

10. What societies has the state provided to encourage her greatest industries? Find out in how many other ways the state aids her agricultural and manufacturing interests.

11. Secure information from the bureau of labor statistics and from other sources, and report on the following: (a) Wage laws, (b) employment bureaus, (c) safety devices, (d) old age pensions, (e) vocational guidance.

12. Devote at least one-half page in your note book to

each executive officer, board, society, commissioner or inspector. Make a record of the following points under each:

1. Present incumbent

2. How chosen

3. When chosen

4. Term of office

5. Duties

6. Other matters of interest.

CHAPTER V

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

ARTICLE V

COURTS

Established. Section 1 of Article V of the constitution of Iowa says: "The judicial power shall be vested in a supreme court, a district court, and such other courts, inferior to the supreme court, as the General Assembly may, from time to time, establish."

In accordance with this provision the following lower courts have been established as the needs for them have arisen: The justice court, found in every township, the police court, which is the local court for the trial of minor offenses in cities where no superior court has been established, and the superior court, which is a city court, and may be established in any city of 4,000 or more inhabitants.

The Justice Court. The justice court is the one that comes nearest the people, and is also at the bottom of the judicial scale. It is presided over by a justice of the peace, two justices of the peace being elected in every township at each annual election (see page 13). They must reside in the township in which they are elected, but unless specially restricted by law, they exercise jurisdiction throughout the county in which they reside.

Each justice keeps a record book, or docket, as it is called, in which he records all official acts done by him. The prin

Tina kx are of two kinds, civil and A jul vuit is one for the enforcement or protection of tiga or the prevention of wrong doing. A criminal kate might im the name of the state for the purpose of pinching an offender against the criminal laws of the state.

Crimes are of two classes, felonies and misdemeanors. A felony is a crime that may be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary, or by heavy fine. A misdemeanor is a minor crime, and is punished by light fine or imprisonment in the county jail, Murder, manslaughter, burglary, arson, grand larceny, and several other crimes are felonies. Petit larceny, assault and battery, drunkenness, the refusal of an

officer to perform his official duties, and other lighter offenses are misdemeanors.

The person who begins the suit is called the plaintiff, and the person sued, the defendant.

Notice of Suit. Some suits in justice courts may be commenced by the voluntary appearance in court of both parties to the suit. In many cases, a written notice from the justice of the peace to the defendant is necessary. Such a notice must contain the name of the defendant, or a description of him, if his name is unknown, the nature of the claim, the amount claimed by the plaintiff, and the time set for trial. The notice is then given to the sheriff or any constable of the county to be served upon the defendant. The notice must be served within ten days of the time it is issued, and the trial must be held within fifteen days of the date of the notice. The defendant in any civil suit may put a stop to the proceedings at any time by paying the amount of the claim with the costs that have accrued.

Change of Venue. Before the trial commences, either party may have it changed to some other justice court by filing an affidavit, or written statement under oath, stating: 1. That the justice is prejudiced against him.

2. That the justice is a near relative of the other party to the suit.

3. That the party filing the affidavit considers the justice a material witness against him.

4. That he believes he will not receive justice at the hands of the officer before whom the action was commenced. This is called a change of venue, and it is designed to be a protection to personal rights.

Trial by Jury.

of trial by jury.

The Bill of Rights secures to all the right In the higher courts the jury consists of twelve members, but in justice courts it consists of six members. In civil cases a trial by jury may be waived with the