20, 1861. It consists of nine sovereign States, each managing its own educational affairs.

Education in the State of Cundinamarca.-Through the kindness of Mr. Thomas Herran, of the University of the State of Antióquia, located at Medellin, a report has been received on education in the State of Cundinamarca, containing the federal capital, Bogota. The population of the State is 409,602. The statistics gre of 1873. Number of boys below the age of 7, 32,664; number of boys between the ages of 7 and 15, 33,951-total number of boys below the age of 15, 66,615. Number of girls below the age of 7, 31,152; number of girls between the ages of 7 and 15, 27,410-total number of girls below the age of 15, 58,562. Total population below the age of 7, 63,816; total population between the ages of 7 and 15, 61,361-total population below the age of 15, 125,177. Number of schools, public and private, 338; number of teachers, 363; number of pupils, 16,489. Expenditure for public instruction, $131,875.77. Normal school for males, 1, with 36 students; normal school for females, 1, with 29 students-total number of normal schools, 2, with 65 students.

ECUADOR, republic: Area, 218,984 square miles; population, 1,309,000. Capital, Quito; population, 76,000. Minister of public instruction, the minister of the interior, Don Francisco Xavier Leon.

Primary instruction.-Number of public schools, 244; number of private schools, 176; number of schools supported by corporations, 11; total number of schools, 431. Number of scholars in public schools, 17,661; number of scholars in private schools, 3,966; number of scholars in schools supported by corporations, 837-total number of scholars, 22,464.

Secondary, superior, and special instruction.—Six colleges, with 59 professors and 757 students; one female college, with 4 professors and 153 students. Faculty of law and medicine, with 12 professors and 94 students. School of arts and industry, with 22 professors. The polytechnic school, with 13 professors and 59 students. The military academy, with 5 professors and 23 cadets. Seven seminaries supported by the clergy, with 47 professors and 227 students. The academy of fine arts, with 2 professors and 22 students. The conservatory of music, with 8 professors and 39 students.

IV.-AUSTRALASIA.

QUEENSLAND, British colony: Area, 678,600 square miles; population, 125,146. Capital, Brisbane; population, 19,413. Secretary of the board of education, R. MacDonnell.

The present system of public instruction has been in operation since 1860. Statistics for 1871.-Number of schools in operation, 136; number of teachers, 325; aggregate attendance of children, 18,963; average attendance, 9,711; total expenditure for education, £35,411 48. 1d.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA, British colony: Area, 760,000 square miles; population, 190,676. Capital, Adelaide; population, 27,208. Secretary of the board of education, James Bath.

Statistics for 1872.-Number of schools, 307; children enrolled, 15,123; daily attendance, 11,844; children of school-age, (5 to 14,) 53,114; children instructed at home and in private schools, 18,591; number of teachers, 299; expenditure for education, £18,337 88. 5d.

VICTORIA, British colony: Area, 88,198 square miles; population, 752,287. Capital, Melbourne; population, 193,698. Secretary of the board of education, Benjamin Francis Kane.

Statistics for 1871.-Number of children of school-age, (5 to 15,) 197,490; children enrolled, 114,300; average daily attendance, 67,233; children attending private schools, 27,375; children attending industrial schools and reformatories, 2,648; number of schools, 988; number of teachers, 1,710; one training institution, with 99 students; expenditure for education, £204,074 188. 1d.

NEW SOUTH WALES, British colony: Area, 323,437 square miles; population, 519,182. Capital, Sidney; population, 134,756.

Number of schools, 878; number of scholars, 87,313; amount of government-grant, £110,000.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA, British colony: Area, 978,000 square miles; population, 25,353. Capital, Perth. Colonial secretary, Fred P. Barlee.

Statistics for 1872-Number of schools, 77; average number of scholars in daily attendance, 2,400.

TASMANIA, British colony: Area, 26,215 square miles; population, 100,675. Capital, Hobart Town; population, 19,092. Chairman of the board of education, Henry Butler.

Statistics for 1872-Number of schools, 139; number of children on the rolls, 10,491; average daily attendance, 5,209; expenditure for education, £12,342 78. 9d.

NEW ZEALAND, British colony: Area, 102,000 square miles; population, 256,393. Capital, Auckland; population, 20,425.

Number of schools, 193; number of scholars, 14,632; amount of government-grant, £33,701.

In endeavoring, as far as possible, to bring together the facts by which to test the respective systems of education by their effects upon the welfare of individuals and people affected by them, the following statistics, from reports obtained in Great Britain, Ireland, and Italy, are presented without comment:

Crime and education, (Great Britain, Ireland, and Italy,) criminal statistics.

England and Wales, 1871-'72; population, 22,712,266.

Criminal classes, 46,877.

Proportion of criminal classes: in London, 3,139, or 1 in 1,237.8; decrease since last year, 11.4 per cent. In Pleasuretown, 613, or 1 in 411.3; decrease, 17.2 per cent. In towns depending upon agricultural districts, 540, or 1 in 383; decrease, 4.4 per cent. Commercial ports, 2,340, or 1 in 536.7; decrease, 11.5 per cent. Seats of cotton and linen manufacture, 1,927, or 1 in 492.1; decrease, 4.2 per cent. and worsted manufacture, 1,447, or 1 in 417.9; decrease, 23.1 per cent. and mixed textile fabrics, 624, or 1 in 508.2; decrease, 23.1 per cent. ware-manufacture, 1,387, or 1 in 470; decrease, 8.8 per cent. Smallest proportion in London. Largest proportion in towns depending upon agricultural districts. Total proceeded against, 559,929; convicted, 423,581; discharged, 136,348.

Seats of woolen
Seats of small
Seats of hard-

Degree of instruction of those committed during the year, (excepting debtors and those committed for naval and military offenses.)

Ireland, 1872; population, 5,368,696.

Number of jails, 39; number of bridewells, 91; number of prisoners in jails December 31, 1872, 2,477. Total number of prisoners committed during the year, 30,222, viz: males, 18,772; females, 11,450. Summary convictions, 23,612; males, 14,324; females, 9,288. Lunatics, 27; males, 24; females, 3. Persons confined in bridewells for drunkenness, 3,537.

Number of individuals who attended prison-schools, 4,346; males, 3,242; females, 1,104. Average daily number of pupils, 509; males, 380; females, 129. Number of teachers, 59; males, 36; females, 23.

Total expenditure of jails, £88,070 158. 3d. Average total cost of each prisoner per annum, £35 158. 9d.

Scotland, 1871-72; population, 3,399,226.

State of instruction of criminal prisoners received during the year.

Italy, 1871; population, 26,801,154.

Number of establishments and number of inmates:

Bagni penali, the galleys, 28; average number of inmates, 13,910. Carceri giudiziare, prisons in which are confined the accused until removed to the prisons to which they are condemned and debtors, 238; average number of inmates, 32,433.

Educational status of condemned prisoners.—Number of prisoners condemned to one year and less, 5,362, (5,117 men, 245 women.) Entirely illiterate: In the bagni, 883; in the case di pena for men, 2,576; in the case di pena for women, 221-total illiterates, 3,680. Able to read: In the bagni, 5; in the case di pena for men, 31; in the case di pena for women, 2-total number able to read, 38. Able to read and write: In the bagni, 316; in the case di pena for men, 1,198; in the case di pena for women, 21-total number able to read and write, 1,535. Having a superior education: In the bagni, 2; in the case di pena for men, 45; in the case di pena for women, none-total number having a superior education, 47.

Number of prisoners not of full age: Males, 950; females, 135- total, 1,095. Entirely illiterate: Males, 397; females, 78-total, 475. Able to read: Males, 67; females, 19— total, 86. Able to read and write: Males, 421; females, 22-total, 443. State of education not ascertained: Males, 75; females, 16—total, 91.

In the carceri giudiziare.—Attended prison-schools: Males, 5,533; females, 186— total, 5,719. Percentage of inmates: Males, 16 per cent.; females, 8 per cent. Learned to read: Males, 1,676; females, 64-total, 1,740. Learned to read and write: Males, 2,490; females, 42—total, 2,532. Remained illiterate: Males, 1,367; females, 80-total, 1,447.

Educational status of prisoners, (total number.)—Entirely illiterate: In the bagni, total, 799; in the case di pena, males, 1,709; females, 182-total, 1,891. Able to read: In the bagni, total, 175; in the case di pena, males, 657; females, 95-total, 752. Able to read and write: In the bagni, 424; in the case di pena, males, 1,607; females, 60— total, 1,667. Able to read, write, and cipher: In the bagni, total, 65; in the case di pena, males, 417; females, 11-total, 428. Total illiterate, 2,690; total number able to read, 927; total number able to read and write, 2,091; total number able to read, write, and cipher, 493. Of the number of illiterates there learned to read: In the bagni, 55 per cent.; in the case di pena, men, 38 per cent.; women, 68. Of the number of illiterates there learned to read and write: In the bagni, 36 per cent.; in the case di pena, men, 50; women, 25 per cent. Of the number of illiterates there learned to read, write, and cipher: In the bagni, 9 per cent.; in the case di pena, men, 12 per cent.; women, 7 per cent. There remained illiterate: In the bagni, 6 per cent.; in the case di pena, men, 10 per cent.; women, 9 per cent.

Number of volumes read in the bagni, 718; in the case di pena, 11,939.

Case di custodia per minorenni-prisons for the custody of those not of full age. January 1: Illiterates, males 111, females 5-total 116 ; able to read, males 259, females 11-total 270; able to read and write, males 270, females 14-total 284; able to read, write, and cipher, males 43, females 32-total 75; having a superior education, male 1, female 0-total 1.

Entered during the year: Illiterates, males 227, females 17-total 244; able to read, males 23, females 6-total 34; able to read and write, males 152, females 13-total 165; able to read, write, and cipher, males 33, females 2-total 35; having a superior education, males 2, females 0-total 2.

December 31: Illiterates, males 60, females 11-total 71; able to read, males 109, females 8-total 117; able to read and write, males 154, females 23-total 177; able to read, write, and cipher, males 349, females 33-total 382; having a superior education, males 2, female 0-total 2.

THE OFFICE LIBRARY.

The library of the Office has received during the year exceedingly valuable series of reports from foreign ministries of instruction; it exchanges with all the departments of public instruction in all the States of the Union-with the colleges, libraries, and other institutions of learning. From these sources and from purchase, it has already become the most valuable pedagogic library in the country. Much is yet needed to make it complete, however.

CIRCULARS OF INFORMATION, 1873.

During the present year the following circulars of information have been published and distributed by this office:

No. 1. Historical summary and reports of the system of public instruction in Spain, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Portugal, 8°, pages 66.

No. 2. Schools in British India, 80, pages 30.

No. 3. Account of college-commencements for the summer of 1873, in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, 80, pages 118.

No. 4. List of publications by members of certain college-faculties and learned societies in the United States, 1867-72, 80, pages 72.

No. 5. Account of college-commencements during 1873, in the Western and Southern States, 80, pages 155.

These pamphlets have received continuous numbering at the bottom of their pages, and it is designed to publish a general title, introduction, and index, so that they may be bound into one volume.

OFFICE-CORRESPONDENCE.

The correspondence of the Office has steadily increased since the date of the last report.

The lack of sufficient clerical force has not permitted the recording of the correspondence as promptly as could be desired and the permanent records are not in as favorable a condition as at the time of making my last report.

Amidst the extensive correspondence conducted with school-officials of all grades and with workers in collateral branches, many interesting letters-foreign and domestic-have been received, from which the lack of space forbids extended extracts. I take pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of many letters, both from State-superintendents and many other educators, both official and private, scattered over the whole country, showing an intelligent comprehension of the duties of this Office and a hearty co-operation with it. For these many expressions of encouragement and praise I am deeply grateful, and am by them confirmed in the belief that the Office is in a measure fulfilling its purpose.

Of the few extracts from correspondence given below, the first refer to the report of this Office for 1872:

[From John F. Moss, esq., clerk of school-board, Sheffield, England.] Permit me to remark that the report has proved very instructive and is of particular value to us at this time, when so much attention is being given to the subject of national education, with the especial view of improving the schools for the people.

[From Charles F. Dennet, esq., Brighton, England.]

I consider the volume of 1872 as one of the most valuable public documents ever issued in America, and it must tell on the world. At this moment, when the battle of education is being fought out as it is in England, the volume has an intrinsic value, and I believe its circulation among the liberal-minded in power and authority in this kingdom must do good and help on the good work.

[From J. J. Ribon, consul-general of Salvador, New York City.]

The government of Ecuador has instructed this consulate to obtain all possible information respecting the organization, management, and methods of teaching which have brought the school-system of the United States to its present state of efficiency. I therefore take the liberty of requesting from you a copy of your valuable report for

1872.