rules are made, and other means of keeping the legislature from acting too hastily or carelessly. Possibly all rules should be posted on the bulletin board before a final vote is taken on them.

35. Officers. The article on officers may contain as many sections as there are to be officers, one section for each. It will therefore be necessary for the committee on officers to confer with the committee on the legislature to find out what powers are to be given to the legislature. For there must be officers to carry out all the laws. If money is to be collected there must be at least a treasurer and possibly a collector. There must also be a method of auditing the treasurer's accounts. There should be a president of the association, managers for each of the teams, a recording secretary and possibly a corresponding secretary. Each of these sections will provide for the election or appointment of the officer described in it. The association will probably find that better officers can be chosen through appointment than through election; but this is a matter for the committee and the members of the constitutional convention to decide. The election of the president is an important matter. Some will think that the legislature or commission should elect him so that politics may be kept out of the association. Others will think that a general election with the use of preferential ballots is a better method. Especially if the president is to appoint the other officers his election will be a very important matter.

36. Nominations and Elections. It will be well to write a separate article on the method of nominating and electing all officers who are to be chosen by election. If nominations are to be made by petition, the article will mention

the number of names a petition must contain, how long before the election the petitions must be filed, and with whom they must be filed. If elections are to be by preferential ballot, the article will describe just how the ballot is to be written; how and by whom the votes are to be counted; whether the ballots shall be preserved so that mistakes may be corrected if any occur; and how the tie shall be broken in case the leading candidates have the same number of votes.

37. The Recall. Some members may wish to have an article on the recall of officers. If a majority of the convention wish to try this experiment they will write an article providing that unsatisfactory officers may be recalled by a petition and an election. If ten or fifteen or twenty per cent of the members sign a petition demanding the recall of a certain officer, an election must be held to fill the position he holds. The name of the officer whose recall is demanded will appear on the ballot together with the names of new candidates who have been nominated by petition or by some other method of nomination that has been decided upon. If the present holder of the office wins the election he will retain his office; if not he must give way to the successful candidate.

38. The Initiative and the Referendum. Some members may ask for an article on the initiative, and a committee may be appointed to prepare such an article. The article may provide that whenever five or ten per cent of the members wish a certain rule made, they may write it out and present it to the legislature or commission by petition. An election must then be held to see whether the members of the association vote for the adoption of the rule. This method takes the making of this rule out of the hands of

the commission or legislature. If members of the convention wish to use the referendum, a provision may be made that a given per cent of the members of the association may file a petition demanding that any rule made by the commission or legislature must be voted on by the association. In this way mistakes on the part of the legislators may be prevented; but the success of the arrangement depends on the willingness of all the members of the association to give a good deal of attention to making rules. Some of the members will not wish to take this trouble, and they will fear that the method gives members who have not been elected to the legislature an opportunity to make a disturbance over every rule that the legislature makes.

39. Amendment. There is no more important article in a constitution than the one which describes how the constitution itself may be amended. The committee on this subject must carefully consider two matters. First, how long shall a proposed change in the constitution be announced on the bulletin board before a vote on it is taken; second, how many votes shall be necessary to effect the change. If both of these matters are carefully considered changes in the constitution may be safely made.

SUGGESTIONS AND QUESTIONS

1. If charters are given to governments that are not independent, mention two constitutions which should be called charters. 2. If you are to have a rule that no one shall play on the baseball team who is behind in his school work, should this rule be put in the constitution of the association? Why?

3. Ought the parliamentary rules which your association will use to be made a part of the constitution? Why?

4. If your association is to use preferential ballots in voting should this rule be put into the constitution? Why?

5. If your officers are to be nominated by petition should this rule be put in the constitution? Why?

6. Make an outline of the constitution or charter of a debating society.

7. Why is it important to give notice of a change in the constitution a week or more before a vote on it is taken?

8. Why are these chapters on the government of an athletic association placed at the beginning of a book on the government of cities and States?

9. If a pupil is a fair and useful member of a self-governing athletic association is it likely that he will be a good citizen? Why do you think this is true?

10. Mention several traits that make a pupil a good member of a self-governing athletic association.

11. Mention several traits that prevent one from being a good member of such an association.

12. If the constitution or charter of the association is so complicated that the members cannot understand it, are the members likely to be interested in the government? Why?

Members of the Association

Executive Committee

President or Manager

Managers of the Teams

This diagram presents the essentials of a constitution for any association. The members elect an executive committee; this committee appoints the president; the president appoints such other officers as are necessary.

PART II

SELF-GOVERNMENT IN CITIES

CHAPTER V

THE WORLD'S WORK

40. The Work of an Athletic Association. In the last three chapters we have considered the way we would organize an athletic association that it may do its work. We found that the work of such a body is simple, and that therefore its organization may also be simple. Its constitution can easily be written in a short time. There are few rules to be made; its legislature needs to meet but seldom and to hold only brief sessions. There will be few violations of its rules; it needs only a few officers if any to try those who offend. All the officers that are needed to manage the several teams and to care for the money of the association can be appointed by the president in a few days. But coöperation even on this small scale, gives useful training in self-government. The members of the association will find that they must control themselves carefully and be reasonable if the athletic affairs of the school are to be carried on without confusion and disorder. They must obey the government they form, if their work is to be done successfully.

41. The Work of the World. Now we come to the study of much more complicated and important business,-