those under feelings corresponding nearly to Dr Brown's External Affections and Emotions conjoined; and those under Intellects corresponding in a considerable degree with the Doc tor's Conceptions or renovated feelings, and Feelings of Relation. The Feelings are divided into, 1. PROPENSITIES, namely, Amativeness, Love of Offspring, Inhabitiveness, Combativeness, Destructiveness, Constructiveness, Covetiveness, and Secretiveness, all common to man and animals; and, 2. SENTIMENTS, namely, Self-esteem, Love of Approbation, Cautiousness, and Benevolence, also common to man and animals; and l'eneration, Hope, Ideal ity, Conscientiousness, and Firmness, peculiar to man. groups of Thoughts and Emotions, is no contradiction between the sysand in the fairy regions of imagina- tems. But, in addition to the senses, tion, must read Dr Brown's work, and Phrenologists have bestowed thirtywait with delighted expectation for three internal faculties upon the hu the appearance of his lectures. They man mind, each having a peculiar orwill see in the production already be- gan or portion of the brain adapted These faculfore the public, that the single rela- in its manifestations. tion of resemblance is the source of all ties are of two orders; 1. Feelings; classification; that the whole relations and, 2. Understanding or Intellects, of co-existence are those of Position, Resemblance or Difference, Proportion, Degree, and Comprehensivenes; and that the only relations of time are co-existence, and succession, or before and after. He considers Emotions, in the first place, according to their relations in time, such as Immediate, Retrospective, and Prospective Emotions; and, secondly, as they involve moral feeling. Those which have no reference to any particular object, and no reference to time, are Cheerfulness, Wonder, Beauty, Sublimity, and the ludicrous, and their opposites. The immediate emotions which involve moral feeling are, the feeling of Vice and Virtue, Love and Hate, Sympathy, and Pride and Humility. The Retrospective emotions, as they regard others, are, Anger for evil inflicted, and Gratitude for favours received; and, as they regard ourselves, Simple Regret and Gladness, and Remorse, and the opposite emotions. Our Prospective emotions consist of Fears and Desires, a mong the latter of which are classed the DESIRES of Existence, Pleasure, Action, Society, Knowledge, Power, Affection of others, Glory, and the Happiness and Unhappiness of others. But nothing has yet been published by Dr Brown on the subject of these emotions, the enumeration of which we have taken from the notes of a friend who attended his lectures, and we have given it here solely for the purpose of enabling us to institute a comparison between his system and that of the Phrenologists. The Phrenologists (and we take this system chiefly from Mr Combe's publication, which we prefer for its simplicity and brevity) hold, not on ly with Dr Brown, that the brain is a sensorial organ, but that the mind acts, or manifests itself, by means of specific functions, the seat of all being in the brain. None of the five, or, according to Dr Brown, the six senses, form ideas. They merely give Sensations or Perceptions, and so far there Amativeness, it will be observed, may be resolved into an Appetite, or the emotion called Desire of Pleasure, while all the other Propensities might be resolved, perhaps, into the Desires of Existence, Action, Power, Glory, and the Unhappiness of others, and the emotions of Love and Hate, Anger and Gratitude, and Sympathy; but it may still be true, that the mode of manifesting these desires and emo tions may vary in individuals, in consequence of, and be discoverable from, differences in the conformation of their brains. The evidence of this, and of any other concomitance, is observation; but the evidence of a specific organ must take a wider range, The peculiar tendency in conduct must not only be always seen when the conforma tion appears, but be wanting when it does not appear, and cease when it is lost. The SENTIMENTS are clearly resolvable into Emotions involving moral feeling. The feeling of Virtue and Vice, for instance, and other emotions arising from moral approbation and disapprobation, such as Remorse, Regret, and their contraries, corre spond with Conscientiousness; Desire of the Happiness of others and SymVanity, pathy with Benevolence; Pride, and Desire of the Affection of others, with Love of Approbation; the emotion of Fear, embracing the fear of disappointment in all or any of our desires, with Cautiousness; while Veneration, Hope, and Ideality, may be considered as corresponding with certain Feelings of Relation, and their analogous emotions. But the true question, as between the Metaphysicians and Phrenologists, is, whether these Propensities or Tendencies, Sentiments or Emotions, and Feelings of Relation, are to be considered as arising from some undiscoverable principles in the mind, or from specific organs in the brain, to which, from an observable concomitancy, they must be assigned? And, in deciding this question, it should always be kept in view, that, by adopting the latter theory, it is not meant that the existence of the organs accounts for the peculiar tendencies, but merely fixes the modes of their operation, and renders their existence, as tendencies, more easily cognizable; for, in either case, the laws themselves are equally the work of a Superior Power. But all must allow, that the more certainly we can become acquainted with the tendencies of our individual natures, the more easy will it be for us to avoid circumstances that are dangerous to our interests, power, and happiness. The Intellects are divided by Phrenologists into Knowing and Reflecting Faculties. The Knowing are, Individuality, Form, Size, Weight and Momenta, Colouring, Locality, Order, Time, Number, Tune, and Language, some of which, we confess, are surrounded with an atmosphere of ridicule. It would be uncandid, however, not to allow that the ridicule may be fictitious, and that, in all cases, it might ultimately yield to truth -the object of all philosophical discussion. Our scepticism, however, is much stronger with respect to these Knowing Faculties than almost any other part of the Phrenological system. As to Time, we think it impossible to admit it, even in consistency with this new system itself, which die vides the Reflecting Faculties into Comparison, Causality, Wit, and Imitation; for, if Causality give us the power of judging of causes and effects, it must necessarily give us the idea of Time also, without which it seems impossible to have any notion of before and after-of succession-of cause and effect. Time, therefore, as a separate organ, and which, it is curious to remark, is placed locally under and in connection with causality, we would dismiss entirely; and others of these knowing faculties, such as Form, Size, Weight, Order, Number, and, per haps, Locality and Language also, might be resolved, as they appear to be involved in Comparison and Causality. Wit, too, we suspect, is only a branch of Comparison; and Imitation likewise, in so far as it is different from a sense of the Ludicrous or the emotions of Desire. Yet, as observed already with respect to the Propensities and Sentiments, it is quite possible that the power of excrcising the facul ty of comparison, in certain respects, may depend on the activity or organization of certain other portions of the brain. That there are individual pe culiarities, is certain; that these do not arise fortuitously, will not admit of dispute; and that they may be conjoined with certain peculiar developements of brain, is not impossible in itself, and must be verified, and can only be disproved, by observation. Proofs of concomitancy, to a certain extent, are to be drawn from comparative anatomy; and there is hardly an individual who has not some vague impressions of its truth,-facts, we should think, which should at least allay derision, make the candid hesitate, and the curious resort to observation or experiment. In concluding, we wish it had been in our power to say something of the moral and intellectual character of a man, of whom truth would have been an eulogium; but, as our limits prevent us, that must be left to some future occasion. Yet we cannot take leave of our subject without alluding to what we consider a most unjust as well as ungenerous attempt to deprive Dr Brown, after his death, of the name and fame due to his talents and genius. An anonymous Brochure has appeared, in which the author of an article, "Logic," in the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, published in 1819, broadly asserts that his metaphysical theory is not only original, but the same, in various material points, with that of Dr Brown, who, it is also said, "has condescended to borrow from him a particular mode of expression, and to range himself under a denomi nation which the author of Logic was the FIRST to announce to the world." 1820. Now, let the public Judge of the modesty and justice of this anonymous writer, after reverting to the notorious facts, that Dr Brown had not only announced, but fully illustrated, his views and theories, in lectures read in a public class, from season to season, and for many years previous ly to the appearance of the wonderful publication on Logic; that the germs of Dr Brown's theory are to be found in his Observations on Darwin's Zoonomia, published in 1798, and in his work on Cause and Effect, the first edition of which was published in 1806 or 1807, and the third in 1818! Besides, we think there is good evidence in the article Metaphysics, published only the other day, in the same work, and written avowedly by the same author, that he does not yet understand Dr Brown's Theory of Memory. In this last article, our anonymous assailer of Dr "The meBrown's Memory says, mory, we believe, exhibits merely THE SIGNS of past sensations; and when these (signs) happen to excite an uncommonly lively interest, so that the original feelings are reproduced, it is not then memory, but intense feeling -sensation." Considering the number of students who, from all parts of Scotland, attended Dr Brown's lectures for so many years prior to the existence of the article Logic, and that the doors of the class-room were open to all strangers, there is a great probability, at least, that this Logician would hear something of Dr Brown's Theory: We do not say, however, that he did; he asserts the contrary himself; and, as he does not yet comprehend what he thinks he had discovered, we believe him; but why then insinuate so much against Dr Brown? Every one who knows the case, and reflects on the circumstances for a moment, will call out Proh pudor!-the Memory of Dr Brown is insulted-the decencies of feeling violated! * We have received for publication a short statement on this subject in a letter to the author of the pamphlet in question, from the respectable gentleman who read Dr Brown's Lectures, after that very eminent and amiable man was disabled by the disease which had so fatal a termination. The public will scarcely require the state 405 EXTRACTS FROM SOUTHEY'S LIFE OF THIS is a very curious and instruc- ment; but, since we have received it, we To the Author of Remarks on Dr Brown's SIR,-Your remarks consist chiefly of In regard to these remarks, Sir, I shall beg leave to state 1. That it is now ten years since Dr Brown was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh; that his course of Lectures was completely written out before the end of the first year; and that no copy has ever been made from the original manuscript, which alone was used by him annually in delivering his Lectures. 2. That in no instance has a passage of the original manuscript been erased for the purpose of substituting any thing essentially different; nor has any other alteration been made, than the substitution of an equivalent phrase, or the addition of something illustrative of the argument. 3. That in a very full copy of notes, now before me, which, with the express permission of Dr Brown, was taken, during Lecture, in the session commencing in November 1816, and ending in April 1817, I find this passage, which I transcribe with the contractions in the scroll copy taken in the class-room. Th'for if a name to be invd for expre + 2 vols. London, 1820. deed, as most of the Laureate's compositions, both in verse and prose, are, my opin. regs Univk it wd be as a Notionist, or a Relationist, that I wd be cld." Which passage, when written without the contractions, runs thus:-Therefore if a name [were] to be invented for express ing my opinion regarding Universals, it would be as a Notionist, or as a Relationist, that I would be classed. These notes, you will observe, Sir, were taken three years ago, as early as the time when the article Logic was written. 4. That I have traced several coincidences between these notes and the article Logic, exclusive of those which you have noted but written in an excellent spirit, and containing a mass of most importantinformation. The impression which it has left on our minds is, that Methodism was the natural result, both of the slumber of churches, and of the progress of infidel philosophy; and that, in the hands of Providence, it has been operating as a cure, though in many cases a very rough one, to both these evils. Wesley, the founder of the system, was surrounded from his infancy by singular circumstances, which must have made an early impression on his susceptible mind, and given it a strong bent to superstition and enthusiasm, no less than to genuine piety. We shall give a few extracts relating to some of these circumstances, which is all we can afford to do at present, but propose afterwards to return to the consideration of this highly interesting work. Wesley's father was a respectable, and rather distinguished clergyman. between that article and Dr Brown's Sketch of the Physiology of the Human Mind. 5. That, as it appears from notes taken a year before the article Logic was printed, and in the very year in which it was written, that at least several of the passages quoted by you as coincident, and in particular the passage containing the term Relationist, occurred in Dr Brown's Lectures before the article Logic was printed, there "John, his second son, the founder of the is strong presumptive evidence that all the Methodists, was born at Epworth on the 17th passages quoted by you were contained of June 1703. Epworth is a market-town in nearly in the same language in Dr Brown's the Lindsay division of Lincolnshire, irreLectures, before the article Logic appear-gularly built, and containing at that time in ed, even though the perfectly conclusive evidence of Dr Brown's manuscript, now before me, could not have been obtained. I feel it necessary to add, Sir, that I had prepared a much longer answer, and even announced it for publication; but I have been dissuaded from printing it at present, on the ground that this would be treating your pamphlet with far more attention than it deserves. I cannot conclude, Sir, without stating farther, that it appears to me equally indecorous and foolish in any one to come forward, immediately upon the death of a distinguished philosopher, with a charge against him of borrowing from a paper that was written many years after the opinions of that philosopher had been given to the world in his Lectures, and some of them even in his earliest work,-a work which has been in print for more than twenty years; that is to say, more than ten times the age of that publication from which the forced loans are supposed to have been made. Your charge of " new and affected phraseology" would be perfectly intelligi. ble if applied to such terms as Pneumatology, Technology, and the extraordinary latitude of meaning given to the term Memory, in the article Logic, and in your pamphlet; but, as applied by you to Dr Brown's language, I am at a loss what to make of it. If your pamphlet have any lasting in its parish about two thousand persons The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the culture and preparation of hemp and flax, in spinning these articles, and in the manufactory of sacking and bagging. Mr Wesley found his parishioners in a profligate state; and the zeal with which he discharged his duty in admonishing them of their sins, excited a spirit of diabolical hatred in those whom it failed to reclaim. Some of these wretches twice attempted to set his house on fire, without success: they succeeded in a third attempt. At midnight some pieces of burning wood fell from the roof upon the bed in which one of the children lay, and burnt her feet. Before she could give the alarm, Mr Wesley was roused by a cry of fire from the street little imagining that it was in his own house; he opened the door, and found it full of smoke, and that the roof was already burnt through. His wife being ill at the time, slept apart from him, and in a fluence, it can be only that of subjecting I am, Sir, your obedient servant, separate room. Bidding her and the two eldest girls rise and shift for their lives, he burst open the nursery door, where the maid was sleeping with five children. She snatched up the youngest, and bade the others follow her; the three elder did so, but John, who was then six years old, was not awakened by all this, and in the alarm and confusion he was forgotten. By the time they reached the hall, the flames had spread every where around them, and Mr Wesley then found that the keys of the house-door were above stairs. He ran and recovered them, a minute before the staircase took fire. When the door was opened, a strong north-east wind drove in the flames with such violence from the side of the house, that it was impossible to stand against them. Some of the children got through the windows, and others through a little door into the garden. Mrs Wesley could not reach the garden door, and was not in a condition to climb to the windows; after three times attempting to face the flames, and shrinking as often from their force, she besought Christ to preserve her, if it was his will, from that dreadful death: she then, to use her own expression, waded through the fire, and escaped into the street naked as she was, with some slight scorching of the hands and face. At this time John, who had not been remembered till that moment, was heard crying in the nursery. The father ran to the stairs, but they were so nearly consumed, that they could not bear his weight, and being utterly in despair, he fell upon his knees in the hall, and in agony commended the soul of the child to God. John had been awakened by the light, and thinking it was day, called to the maid to take him up; but as no one answered, he opened the curtains, and saw streaks of fire upon the top of the room. He ran to the door, and find ing it impossible to escape that way, climb ed upon a chest which stood near the window, and he was then seen from the yard. There was no time for procuring a ladder, but it was happily a low house; one man was hoisted upon the shoulders of another, and could then reach the window, so as to take him out; a moment later and it would have been too late; the whole roof fell in, and had it not fallen inward, they must all have been crushed together. When the child was carried out to the house where his parents were, the father cried out, *Come, neighbours, let us kneel down: let us give thanks to God! he has given me all my eight children: let the house go, I am rich enough.' John Wesley remembered this providential deliverance through life with the deepest gratitude. In reference to it he had a house in flames engraved as an emblem under one of his portraits, with these words for the motto, Is not this a brand plucked out of the burning? "The third son, Charles, the zealous ' and able associate of his brother in his future labours, was at this time scarcely two months old. The circumstances of his birth are remarkable. His mother was delivered of him before the due time, and the child appeared dead rather than alive, neither crying nor opening its eyes; in this state it was kept, wrapt up in soft wool, till the time when he should have been born according to the usual course of nature, and then, it is said, he opened his eyes and made himself heard.” pp. 12—15. "While John was at school, certain disturbances occurred in his father's house, so unaccountable, that every person by whom they were witnessed believed them to be supernatural At the latter end of the year 1715, the maid-servant was terrified by hearing at the dining-room door several dismal groans, as of a person at the point of death. The family gave little heed to her story, and endeavoured to laugh her out of her fears; but a few nights afterward they began to hear strange knockings, usually three or four at a time, in different parts of the house: every person heard these noises except Mr Wesley himself, and as according to vulgar opinion, such sounds were not audible by the individual to whom they foreboded evil, they refrained from telling him, lest he should suppose that it betokened his own death, as they indeed all apprehended. At length, however, the disturbance became so great and so frequent, that few or none of the family durst be alone, and Mrs Wesley thought it better to inform her husband; for it was not possible that the matter could long be concealed from him; and moreover, as she says, she was minded he should speak to it. The noises were now various as well as strange, loud rumblings above stairs or below, a clatter among a number of bottles, as if they had all at once been dashed to pieces, footsteps as of a man going up and down stairs at all hours of the night, sounds like that of dancing in an empty room, the door of which was locked, gobling like a turkey cock, but most frequently a knocking about the beds at night, and in different parts of the house. Mrs Wesley would at first have persuaded the children and servants that it was occasioned by rats within doors and mischievous persons without, and her husband had recourse to the same ready solution: or some of his daughters, he supposed, sate up late and made a noise; and a hint that their lovers might have something to do with the mystery, made the young ladies heartily hope he might soon be convinced that there was more in the matter than he was disposed to believe. In this they were not disappointed, for on the next night, a little after midnight, he was awakened by nine loud and distinct knocks, which seemed to be in the next |