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At the close of 1883 there were 6 state normal schools, and 8 normal sections at institutions for secondary instruction for male students, with a total of 1,375 students, a decrease of 177 since 1881. The 6 state normal schools and 7 normal sections for female students had an attendance of 1,282 students in 1883, a decrease of 268 since 1881.

Secondary instruction.-The two normal schools and two normal sections for secondary instruction for males had a total attendance of 153 students in 1883-'84, a decrease of 9 from the previous year, and the two normal sections for females at Liége and Brussels had an attendance of 63, a decrease of 11 from the previous year.

The number of state institutions for secondary instruction was 146 in 1883, of which 25 were royal atheneums, 85 were secondary schools for young men and 36 for young women. The communal colleges and secondary schools (for boys) subsidized by the state numbered 10, making a total of 156 secondary institutions. The number of state institutions in 1881 was 113, in 1882, 135, thus showing a constant increase up to the end of 1883, when it was, as above stated, 146. The communal institutions decreased from 17 in 1881, to 10 in 1883. The royal atheneums had an attendance of 5,943 in 1883, the state secondary schools for young men 13,192, and for young women 4,673. Of the subsidized communal schools the colleges had 407, and the secondary schools 1,380 students. This makes a total of 25,595 persons receiving secondary instruction in 1883, an increase of 2,648 since 1881.

The allowance for secondary instruction in 1882 was 4,105,352 fr. ($792,333), of which 2,652,360 fr. were from state appropriations.

Superior and special instruction.-At the state university of Ghent there were 870 students in the school year 1883-'84, and at Liége 1,454 students. At the independent universities of Brussels and Louvain there were 1,686 and 1,554 students, respectively. These figures include students of the special schools, viz, 292 at the schools of civil engineering and arts and manufactures at Ghent, the schools of unines, arts and manufactures, and mechanics at Liége, with 295 students, the polytechnic school at the university of Brussels with 126 students, and 184 at the special schools of the university of Louvain. The total number of students was 5,564 in 1883–84, of whom 720 were in the philosophical faculty, 1,213 in the faculty of sciences, 1,403 in the law faculty, 1,272 in the medical, and 59 in the theological, and 897 attended the special schools. The number of students of this grade of instruction per 100,000 inhabitants was 97. The allowance for the two state universities in 1882 was 1,369,035 fr., of which 1,366,013 fr. ($263,640) were expended.

The Royal Academy of Fine Arts at Antwerp had an attendance of 1,436 students in 1883. Besides this institution the 80 academies and drawing schools in the different provinces were attended by 10,790 students. The royal conservatories of music at Brussels and Liége had an attendance of 574 and 557 students, respectively. The 89 other conservatories and schools of music in the various provinces had a total of 8,508 students.

The veterinary school at Brussels had 87 students in 1883, the agricultural instituto at Gembloux 75, the school of practical horticulture at Vilvoorden 32, the state horticultural school at Ghent 25; total, 219 students. There were 49 apprentice workshops subsidized by the state, with 969 apprentices, of whom 8.77 per cent. were illiterate. The number of workmen who were trained in these schools in 1883 was 493, and 23,977 have been so trained since the shops were established. There were 35 industrial schools with 9,354 pupils in 1881-82, and in 1882-83 the schools numbered 36 with 10,417 pupils. The school of industry and mines of the province of Hainault at Mons had 75 students in 1882-'83, and the superior commercial institute at Antwerp 111 students.

The expenditures for this branch of instruction in 1883 were 71,151 fr. for the apprentice schools, 541,473 fr. for the industrial schools, 79,598 fr. for the school at Mons, and 81,285 fr. for the commercial institute at Antwerp; total, 773,507 fr. ($149,287). Of this sum 341,875 fr. ($65,982) were appropriated by the state.

Illiteracy among recruits.-Of the young men drawn for military service in 1884, 15.59

per cent. could neither read nor write, 2.91 per cent. could read only, 48.31 per cent. could read and write and no more, and 33.19 had received more advanced instruction. Those who could not write were therefore 18.50 per cent. of the number drawn. The proportion of men in the contingent for the militia who signed their names was 83.42 per cent., and of those signing with a cross 16.58 per cent.

In 1884 there were 392 political journals and periodicals in Belgium, of which 63 were dailies; 21 devoted to finance; 66 to agriculture, commerce, and industry; and 322 literary and other; total, 801 periodical publications of all kinds. In 1883 there were only 641.

DENMARK, Constitutional monarchy: area, 14, 124 square miles; population (estimated January 1, 1882), 2,018,432. Capital, Copenhagen: population (with suburbs), 273,323. Minister of public instruction, J. F. Scavenius.

The latest general information received at this Office in regard to education in Denmark may be found in my Report for 1882-'83.

FINLAND, a dependency of Russia: area, 144,255 square miles; population (1883), 2, 142, 093. Capital, Helsingfors: population (1883), 43, 316.

Superior instruction.-Official statistics (from the "Statistik Årsbok för Finland,” 1885) show that there were 70 professors and 805 students in the first semester, 1885. Of these, 119 were in the theological faculty, 200 in the law, 78 in the medical, 208 in the historical-philological section and 200 in the physical-mathematical section of the philosophical faculty. The income of the university in 1884 was 989,900 marks ($191,051), of which 619,900 marks were from state aid, and the expenditure was 873,900 marks ($168,673).

Secondary instruction.-The state complete lyceums numbered 11, of which 8 were Swedish and 3 Finnish; those with incomplete courses numbered 5, 2 being Swedish and 3 Finnish. The Realschulen with complete courses were 10 in number, 5 Swedish and 5 Finnish, and the incomplete Realschulen were 7, 2 Swedish and 5 Finnish. There were also 7 state schools for women, and 6 "lower elementary" schools classified in this grade. The totals were 29 Swedish and 17 Finnish institutions supported by the state, and 31 Swedish, 23 Finnish, and 2 German private schools aided by the state, including 38 for girls and 2 for female teachers. The 16 state and 12 private (subsidized) lyceums had 379 teachers and 4,069 students in 1883-84, 248 teachers and 2,697 students being in the state schools and 131 teachers and 1,372 students in the private (subsidized) institutions. As to native language, 2,383 of the students were Swedes, 1,620 Finns, and 66 were of other nationalities. As to social position, 1,079 were sons of public functionaries, 668 were sons of ordinary citizens, 273 were sons of small proprietors, 120 of rustics, and 557 were unspecified. There were 4 preparatory schools with 13 teachers and 148 students.

The 17 Realschulen had 123 teachers and 776 students in 1883-'84, of whom 486 were Swedes, 275 Finns, and 15 were of other nationalities. Their social position was as follows: sons of public officers, 161; 238 belonged to the citizen class; 69 were sons of small proprietors, 40 of rustics; and 268 were unclassified.

The 7 state and 40 private (subsidized) schools for girls, including two female teachers' seminaries, had 483 teachers and 3,834 students, 311 teachers and 2,510 students being Swedish, 133 teachers and 1,051 students Finnish, and 39 teachers and 273 students German.

Primary instruction.-There were 771 primary schools, with 993 teachers and 46,687 pupils, in the school year 1883-84. Of these, 184 were boys' schools, 168 girls' schools, and 418 were mixed. As to nationality, 593 of the schools were Finnish, 158 were Swedish, 18 were Swedish-Finnish, and 2 were Russian. Of the 993 teachers, 447 were males and 546 females. There were 47 pupils to a teacher on the average. The majority of the schools, viz, 581, were in rural districts, leaving 190 for cities and towns. There were 322 rural districts, or communes, with schools, and 149 without. There were 42 teachers (29 male and 13 female) in the normal schools and 551 students.

Technical instruction.-The 2 professional technical schools at Åbo and Nikolaistad had 14 teachers and 68 students in 1883-'84, and the polytechnic institute at Helsingfors had 26 professors and teachers, and 128 students, in the first semester of 1885. There were also 7 naval schools with 178 students, and 4 commercial schools with 32 teachers and 160 pupils in the school year 1884-'85.

FRANCE, republic: area, 204,092 square miles; population (December 18, 1881), 37,672,048. Capital, Paris: population, 2,209,023. Minister of public instruction, René Goblet.

Primary instruction.-The following information is taken from the corrected report of Deputy Antonin Dubost, on the budget of the ministry of public instruction for 1885, published in the Revue pedagogique, February 15, 1885.

One of the principal points in the programme of democracy was the establishment of obligatory, free, and lay instruction, and these separate features had to be incorporated in the laws and realized in practice. It was an immense undertaking, which involved the preparation of teachers and the construction of new school-houses, in order to bring instruction within reach of all; the recasting of programmes and reorganization of all branches of the service of instruction; and the introduction and adoption of new financial measures, to make the new efforts fruitful.

The law of August 9, 1879, was the prelude to this great reorganization, and directed the establishment of a normal school for male and another for female teachers in each department. Then followed the law of June 16, 1881, which established absolute gratuity of instruction in the primary public schools. The law of March 28, 1882, made primary education obligatory and lay; and then came a series of laws, decrees, decisions, and instructions, establishing hamlet schools; organizing superior primary schools, maternal schools, apprenticeship schools (manual labor schools), normal courses in normal schools and superior primary schools; preparing teachers of manual labor and reorganizing military instruction; establishing scholarships in the superior primary schools; reorganizing the courses for adults; instituting school banks, etc. Finally, on March 18, 1884, a bill was introduced into the Chamber of Deputies reorganizing primary education.

This was the plan of national primary education. Its application can be seen in the comparative figures of different periods which follow:

In 1878-'79 there 78 normal schools for males with 3,551 students, and 17 normal schools for females with 691 students; total, 95 normal schools with 4,242 students. In 1883-'84 there were 85 normal schools for males with 4,952 students, 5 normal schools for males in course of construction, 57 normal schools for females with 2,487 students, and 17 normal schools for females in course of construction; total, 154 normal schools with 7,439 students.

The appropriation in 1878-79 was 3,902,132.08 fr., and in 1883-'84 it was 6,754,350 fr. The increase of public, or state, and the decrease of private schools were as follows:

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The number of teachers in the public and private schools was as follows:

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In the same years the number of salles d'asile was as follows:

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Calling the increase of schools 1,000 since 1883, and counting in the salles d'asile as above, the total number of schools of this grade would be 83,682 schools, with a teaching force of 137,743 persons.

According to the census of 1881, the number of children of school age, six to thirteen years, was 4,586,349.

The number in the different classes of schools was as follows:

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This makes a total in 1883 of 6,111,236 children receiving instruction, or 1,524,987 more than the school population between six and thirteen years of age (in 1881). Deducting the number in the salles d'asile, or maternal schools, viz, 679,085, there remain 845,802 children not of school age attending school.

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The law of 1882 made primary instruction not only obligatory, but lay; i. e., ît intrusted the direction of primary schools only to laymen. The operation of the law may be seen from the following table:

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Taking the totals of public and private lay and clerical, we have:

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The variation in the number of maternal schools is shown in the following table, as well as their classification into lay and clerical:

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