one. In cities of 30,000 or more inhabitants a board of school commissioners, comprising one member from each city school district, is elected by the people. School boards have power to employ a superintendent and to prescribe his duties.

Evansville reports a marked improvement during the year in public school enrollment, average daily attendance, and punctuality, also a decrease in truancy and corporal punishment. In fact, the use of the rod in school government has been disappearing since 1880. Teachers are seeking to form in pupils habits of self-control; also to make the subjects of the lessons attractive, and thus create a love for study that will leave little inclination to waste time in mischief. Out of 143 teachers employed, 104 were able to conduct their schools without resorting to physical force, and these, too, produced the most satisfactory results in the matter of discipline. The decrease in truancy, moreover, is ascribed to this effort on the part of teachers to cultivate self-control in their pupils and to make study attractive. The course of study includes the studies of music and German.

In addition to the public school enrollment presented in the table, there were reported 1,690 in private and parochial schools. These, with the 5,931 in public schools, made a total of 7,621 under instruction, leaving still 9,585 not in school, many of these, doubtless, being of the 7,214 reported as over 16.

Fort Wayne, besides its public school enrollment of 3,827, reports 3,800 in private and parish schools. This still left 7,085 in no school, but probably very many of these were of the 5,308 reported as over 16 years of age, when for the great majority of children school life ceases. In the 9 public schools there were-including high, normal, and evening schools-4,174 sittings, more than the reported enrollment, while in other schools there were 3,850, making a total of 8,024, so that there seems to have been no lack of room. Music, drawing, and penmanship, as well as reading, were attended to by special teachers. A city normal school had 8 sittings for study and 2 teachers.

Indianapolis indicates the possession of 28 school buildings, with 12,387 sittings, one of the buildings accommodating a city normal school, with 23 seats, under 1 lady teacher. The 2 city high schools had 690 seats; the grammar schools, 3,773; the primary schools, 7,896. For instruction in drawing there was a special teacher, but no specialists for music or penmanship. All city school property-including grounds, sites, buildings, furniture, and library-was valued at $857,300.

Six kindergärten were reported, of which 4 were free, 3 of the latter having been opened in 1884 under the auspices of the Indianapolis Free Kindergarten and Children's Aid Society. One of these, for colored children, had 50 pupils; the whole attendance in the 3 was 400.

Jeffersonville presents a slight decline in children of school age since its last report, 1882-'83, a slight advance in the number enrolled in public schools and in average attendance, with a considerable decrease in expenditure for its schools. For instruction in German 2 teachers were employed. Grades of schools from primary to high. Of other than public schools no report is made.

Logansport, compared with itself in 1882-'83, shows a falling off of 212 in school youth, and yet an increase, notwithstanding this disadvantage, of 73 in enrollment, of 52 in average daily attendance, and of $1,105 in expenditure for city schools, the estimated en

rollment in private and pari-h schools remaining the same. A special teacher of music continued to be employed. School gradation from primary to high.

Richmond. — In explanation of the small proportion of youth of school age enrolled in public schools, the city report points out that the legal school age embraces a period of 15 years, while the public school course of study extends only over 12: that many who are included in the enumeration are employed in various kinds of business, while others are in college or in private schools, the latter reporting 950. The course of study inclades instruction in music, drawing, and German, and extends over 8 years, not including the high school course. Enrollment in this school has declined for some years jast, although the work done in it has been good; but it is believed that this decline Lo reached its limit, and that the coming year will show growth. The course of study not been rearranged and the facilities for instruction increased, especially in the department of natural science.

South Bend reports additions of some needed rooms to public school buildings during the year; the increasing usefulness of the high school and an increase in its library : and a satisfactory condition of discipline in all the schools. Improvement in the respect Last mentioned is ascribed partly to a change in the methods of dismissal and a modinication of the forms of recess. The success of a night school, taught by one of the public school teachers, showed the necessity for such schools.

Terre Haute shows by a return that it still retained in 1884-'85 the 12 school building previously reported, but had increased by 166 the total of its seats for study in ther since 153-84. School property, however, was rated considerably lower than in 1883– 4, though expenditure for public schools had advanced from $63.298, in the last report, to 39.342. It seems, therefore, to be doing good work, but under difficulties.

The 2 kindergarten of the city society for organizing charity, noticed in the last report, appear to have been continued, and one is reported to have been established, at the opening of the school term of 1884-85, in connection with the State normal school.

Vincennes reports the same number of school buildings as in 1883-4, but indicates an enlargement of 22 in the seating capacity. The number of children of school age had diminished from 3,952 to 2.517, according to a return, but the superintendent ascribes this to mistakes made in the former eaneration of such children. Enrollment in the public schools had slightly increased: that in private or parish schools was estimated at the same as at the date of the preceding return. The city schools ranged from primary to high. Music and German were taught in them by persons specially engaged.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

STATE REQUIREMENTS.

No teachers may be employed in the public schools without certificates of qualification from the State normal school, the State board of education, the county superintendent, or an officer of the school board of a city having 30.000 or more inhabitants. The State board issues life certificates to persons who have taught successfully for 45 months, of which 16 months have been in the State, and who have passed a satisfactory examination in the common school and higher English branches and in the science of teaching. Certificates of county superintendents are good in the county where issued for 6, 12, 21, or 36 months, according to the ratio of correct answers given by the holder.

STATE NORMAL TRAINING.

The Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, gives to those desiring to prepare themvelves for teaching free instruction in a number of different courses of study, and requires of residents of the State a pledge to teach therein a period equal to twice the time spent in the school. There are two 3-year courses of study-one purely English, the other Laglish and Latin. For those desiring a higher scholarship, a graduate course of one var has been provided. There is also a 2-year course for graduates of the best high whorls and academies, and a year of professional training intended for college graduates, which prepares them to fill the positions of school superintendents and principais or Ligh schools. The school aims to give a thorough and scientific knowledge of the common-school branches, and of methods of teaching them; a knowledge of mental science, school government, and discipline; of the legal relations and responsibilities of the teacher, and of the philosophy and history of education; also a knowledge of the actual school, gained by actual observation and work under a eritie teacher in the 8 grades of the training school. A kindergiten has been opened in connection with the normal school, to be used as a school of observation; and it is in the plan to regular instruction in the theory and art of kindergarten training given to all the students in some stage of their course.

CITY NORMAL TRAINING.

The cities of Fort Wayne and Indianapolis provide training departments in connection with the public schools and support them from the general school funds, the course of study in the former extending over one year, and in the latter over 15 months.

The American Normal College, Logansport, organized in 1884, with preparatory, normal, business, and other courses, receives aid from the city.

OTHER NORMAL SCHOOLS.

The private normal schools reporting are: Central Normal College, Danville, with a 3year course of study; Central Indiana Normal School and Business College, Ladoga, with a i-year course; the Southern Indiana Normal College, Mitchell, with preparatory, teachers elementary, teachers' scientific, and teachers' classical courses, each requiring 1 year for completion; Richmond Normal School, Richmond, with a course of 3 years, of which each year is complete in itself, the first preparing teachers for the common schools, the second for an 8-year professional State license, and the third for a life certificate; Northern Indiana Normal School, Valparaiso, which presents a variety of courses besides the normal, and claims to give an adequate preparation for teaching in 2 or 3 terms of 10 weeks each to persons thoroughly versed in the common branches; and Elkhart Normal School and Spencerian Business Institute, Elkhart, with a teachers' course of 2 years, which includes the common and higher English branches and Latin or German.

There are two kindergarten training schools for teachers, one at Indianapolis, the other at La Porte.

Normal departments, or teachers' courses, are reported by at least five of the colleges and universities in the State, among them DePauw Normal School, Greencastle, a department of DePauw University, with a normal course of 3 years, and the normal department of Moore's Hill College, Moore's Hill.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

Institutes were held quite generally in the State during the month of August, 1885, the law requiring one to be held in each county of the State at least once a year. The number actually held during 1885 cannot be given, but as a whole the work done was said to be better than ever before, the attendance larger, and the interest greater on the part of teachers; more instructors were employed and more money was spent. Still, all these institutes were not equally good. In some a great deal of time was wasted in organizing, in waiting for motions, in enrolling, in reading minutes, in waiting for order, etc. The superior character of the work done this year was mainly due to the study of principles as the basis of methods. Then, too, with few exceptions the instruction was all professional. Academic instruction, when given, took the form of illustrated lectures on physics or some branch of natural science, psychology also receiving its full share of attention. The science of teaching was almost universally handled from the standpoint of mental philosophy.

EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS.

The Indiana School Journal, Indianapolis, the principal educational periodical of the State, and the official organ of the superintendent, was in its thirtieth volume in 1885. The Educational Weekly, of Indianapolis, commenced in July, 1883, was merged, November, 1885, in the Journal of Education, published at Boston.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

No definite information as to the number of high schools in the State, or the number of pupils attending therein can be given, although it is known that studies of high school grade are included in the courses of the schools of all the larger cities of the State, as well as of many of the smaller ones. Graduates of all having an approved course of study are admitted to the freshman classes of the State university and Purdue University without examination; and 75 schools, that had in 1884-'85 proved themselves worthy of the privilege, were authorized by the State board the following fall to send graduates to the State university.

OTHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

For statistics of business colleges, private academic schools, preparatory schools, and preparatory departments of universities and colleges, see Tables IV, VI, and VII of the Appendix; for summaries see corresponding tables in report of the Commissioner preceding.

SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

COLLEGES FOR YOUNG MEN OR FOR BOTH SEXES.

Indiana University, Bloomington, recognizing in its privileges no distinction of religious belief or of sex, gives free tuition and admits graduates of approved high schools to its undergraduate courses without examination. These courses, comprising one in ancient classics, leading to the degree of A. B.; one in modern classics, to that of Lit. B.; and one in science, to that of Sci. B., are equal in extent, requiring four years each for completion, and as nearly as possible equivalents in culture and mental discipline. The course was somewhat modified in April, 1885, chiefly in requiring fewer recitations weekly and in giving a wider range of elective studies in the junior and senior years. The action of the General Assembly of 1833, in giving to the university a permanent endowment fund, supplemented by that of the Assembly of 1885 and of the County of Monroe, in replacing the losses by the fire of 1883, has placed the institution, after nearly sixty years of struggle and uncertainty, on a secure and permanent foundation. Besides the above, 13 other colleges and universities report for 1884-'85, viz: Wabash College, Crawfordsville; Concordia College, Fort Wayne; Franklin College, Franklin; DePauw University, Greencastle; Hanover College, Hanover; Hartsville College, Hartsville; Butler University, Irvington; Union Christian College, Merom; Moore's Hill College, Moore's Hill; University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame; Earlham College, Richmond; Ridgeville College, Ridgeville; and St. Meinrad's College, St. Meinrad.

All except the two first named and the last admit both sexes on equal terms. Nearly all report classical departments of 4 years; and all but Concordia and St. Meinrad's scientific courses of equal length. Nearly all furnish instruction in modern languages and music, several adding drawing and painting; 5 offer commercial courses; 5, normal; 6, theological and biblical; 2, legal; and 1, a medical course.

Only 3, in addition to the Indiana University, report having received gifts during the year, and these not to any considerable amount, the aggregate being only $3,000. Of this, $1,000 was given to Moore's Hill College for the endowment of a woman's professorship.

DePauw University (formerly Asbury University), since it received the munificent donation from Mr. DePauw noted in a previous report, has largely increased its work, both in variety and extent. It includes, besides its College of Liberal Arts, schools of theology, law, military science and tactics, music, fine arts, and horticulture; also a normal and a preparatory school. Mr. DePauw's donation, amounting to $1,500,000, came at an opportune moment, when the old Asbury University was in a very embarrassed condition. His intention had first been to found an independent institution, and he had made provision for this in his will, but the friends of Indiana Asbury induced him to make the gift during his life and to bestow it on that institution, offering to take the name of DePauw.

For statistics of colleges and universities see Table IX of the Appendix; and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

COLLEGIATE INSTITUTIONS FOR YOUNG WOMEN.

Equal opportunities being afforded young women and young men in most of the above colleges and universities, the demand for institutions exclusively for women appears to be not very great in this State. Only two are reported, viz., DePauw College, New Albany, a Methodist Episcopal institution; and St. Mary's Academic Institute, St. Mary's, a Roman Catholic one. Both of these are authorized to confer collegiate degrees. For statistics of colleges for young women, see Table VIII of the Appendix, and for a sunmary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION.

SCIENTIFIC.

Scientific instruction is given in Indiana University, Bloomington, Purdue University, La Fayette, and in Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute; also, to some extent, in nearly all the colleges and universities above named, which offer courses for the degree of Sci. B. One of these, Notre Dame, also provides a course in civil engineering.

The Indiana University gives several courses leading to the degree of bachelor of science, embracing biology, geology, mathematics, physics, and chemistry, and in the course for bachelor of philosophy includes a number of branches relating to social and political science.

Purdue University, a college of science, agriculture, and mechanic arts, embraces, besides a preparatory class, 5 special schools, viz: school of agriculture and horticulture, school of mechanics and engineering, school of science, school of industrial art, and school

of pharmacy. All the courses include about the same instruction in general science, mathematics, English history, political and mental science, and industrial drawing, besides the technical branches peculiar to each. The agricultural course affords daily instruction in agriculture and horticulture throughout the 4 years, that of mechanics and engineering 2 years in each branch, that of science 4 years in laboratory work, and that of industrial art training in industries throughout the 4 years. Two scholarships for each county are given, the county commissioners making the appointments.

Rose Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1874 by the late Chauncey Rose, of Terre Haute, and opened in March, 1883, is devoted to the higher education of young men in engineering, the term including all those productive and constructive arts by which the forces of nature are made subservient to the needs of man. Mechanical engineering, civil engineering, chemistry, physics, and drawing are among the branches taught. A feature of the course in mechanical engineering is a well-furnished manufacturing machine shop, where manual training is combined with the study of principles.1

Scientific courses of 4 years, and of fair standard, appear also in 1884-'85 at Wabash College, Crawfordsville; Franklin College, Franklin; DePauw University, Greencastle; Hanover College, Hanover; Hartsville College, Hartsville; Butler University, Irvington; Moore's Hill College, Moore's Hill; University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame; and Earlham College, Richmond; this last seems always to do well and thoroughly whatever it undertakes to do. Franklin College, above mentioned, entered on its second half century June 6, 1884, and held a jubilee in commemoration of it.

PROFESSIONAL.

THEOLOGY is taught in De Pauw University (Methodist Episcopal) and St. Meinrad's College (Roman Catholic), in regular theological courses of 3 years; also to some extent in Butler University, Union Christian College, and Earlham College, in connection with the collegiate course. Earlham added this feature in 1884, establishing a department of Biblical instruction, with the purpose, as it is explained, of meeting the wants of ministers, Bible school teachers, and other Christian workers who feel the need of better preparation for their work. For statistics of theological schools, see Table XI of the Appendix; and for a summary, see a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

LAW departments are reported by DePauw and Notre Dame Universities, the course of study in the former extending over 2 years of 27 weeks each, in the latter comprising 3 years of 40 weeks each. Both require an examination for admission. For statistics of these departments, see Table XII of the Appendix; and for a summary, see a corresponding table in the report of the Commissioner preceding.

MEDICINE.-Seven medical colleges report for 1884-'85, as follows: Medical College of Indiana, Indianapolis (formerly a department of Butler University); Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapolis; Fort Wayne College of Medicine; Hospital Medical College of Evansville; Beach Medical Institute; Indiana Eclectic Medical College; and Physio-Medical College of Indiana, the 3 last at Indianapolis. The 4 first named belong to the regular school of practice, the next 2 to the eclectic school, and the last is "independent." The Beach Medical Institute, organized in 1884, is a successor of Beach Medical College. This latter institution was merged in the Indiana Eclectic before the commencement of the lecture course of 1884; but about 6 weeks after its commencement the Beach element withdrew, organizing the Beach Medical Institute.2

The whole number of matriculates in all the 7 colleges was 187, of graduates 78, or nearly 42 per cent., the 4 regular schools enrolling 118 and graduating 50. All require of applicants for admission evidence of at least a fair English education; for graduation, 3 years' study of medicine, including attendance on 2 courses of lectures. Two, the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Fort Wayne College of Medicine, offer and advise a 3-year graded course. The lecture courses occupy from 20 to 28 weeks, the longer term being found at the Fort Wayne College of Medicine.

For statistics, see Table XIII of the Appendix; and for a summary, see the report of the Commissioner preceding.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB.

The Indiana Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, Indianapolis, offers maintenance and instruction, free of charge, to all the deaf and dumb of the State of suitable age and capacity. Until additional accommodations shall be provided, the age

Lucian I. Blake, Ph. D., a graduate of the Royal University in Berlin, and a pupil of Professor Helmholz, has entered upon the professorship of applied physics and electrical engineering in the Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind. He had declined a similar associate professorship in the Johns Hopkins University.

2 Word has come that the Beach Institute has been discredited by the Illinois Board of Health “in view of the apparently irregular manner in which diplomas have been conferred by it."