each covering 3 years. The degree of bachelor of science is conferred on those who pass satisfactory examinations in the branches studied. Graduates from the Deaf-Mute College who have made satisfactory progress in science, philosophy, literature, and the liberal arts, on furnishing good evidence of the same to the faculty, receive the degree of master of science.

PROFESSIONAL.

THEOLOGY.-Theological instruction is given in Howard University in a well organized 3-years course, including Hebrew and Greek. This department is non-sectarian, and is sustained by the American Missionary Association and the Presbytery of Washington. For 1884-'85 there were reported 50 students in the course, of whom 14 were unclassified.

LAW.-Legal training is provided in the law departments of Georgetown, Columbian, Howard, and National Universities. The course of study for each is divided into 3 periods of one year each; the first, or junior year, is given to the study of real and personal property, contracts, and negotiable instruments; the second, or senior year, to evidence, pleading, equity, jurisprudence, and the law of torts. A post-graduate course of one year in each case includes the studies of commercial and mercantile law, applied evidence, and practice. The degree of L. B. is conferred at the end of 2 years, and that of L. M. on completing the post-graduate course, provided students pass a satisfactory examination. This last course is necessary to full legal practice in the District of Columbia.

The Law Library at the United States Capitol contains over 50,000 volumes, and, by the operation of the copyright law and the outlay of an annual appropriation, is constantly receiving new acquisitions, thus being kept in a state of compreteness. Students of the before-mentioned universities have free access to this library for 7 hours each day, and the privilege is largely availed of.

MEDICINE.-The National Medical College, a department of Columbian University, and the medical departments of Georgetown, Howard, and National Universities, present the usual courses of 3 years of from 20 to 30 weeks each. The course in Georgetown is graded; for the others such a course is recommended, but not required. For admission to either of these schools there must be proof of fitness; only graduates from colleges, high schools, and academies are exempt from a preliminary examination. For graduation students must be at least 21 years of age, of unblemished character, must have attended the required 3 years of study, including 3 courses of lectures, dissections, etc., and pass a satisfactory final examination on all the branches taught in the course. In 1884-'85 the aggregate number of matriculates in these schools was 215, of graduates, 51.

For further information see Table XII of the Appendix.

PHARMACY.-The National College of Pharmacy, with annual sessions of about 32 weeks, requires for graduation 2 years of study in practical and analytical chemistry and toxicology, pharmacy, materia-medica, and botany. These lead to the degree of doctor of pharmacy.

DENTISTRY is taught, in all its branches, in the dental departments of the National and Howard Universities.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTION.

EDUCATION OF THE DEAF.

The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, Kendall Green, including the National Deaf-Mute College already noticed, in 1884-'85 had 45 students in the college department and 106 in the institution. Preparatory and collegiate training is provided, with articulation and cabinet making for the lower department. In the institution there are 20 girls, but none in the college.

A. Graham Bell's School for Deaf Children, founded in 1883, in 1884-'85 had 6 pupils, under 2 instructors, in articulation and the common English branches of study. The school is controlled by Alexander Graham Bell, and is maintained by private contributions.

EDUCATION OF THE BLIND.

The District of Columbia provides instruction for this class of children in the Maryland Institute for the Blind, Baltimore, where, in 1884-'85, there were 7 pupils from the District.

INDUSTRIAL HOME SCHOOL.

The Industrial Home School of the District, for poor children of both sexes, maintains 2 schools on the premises, under public school regulations, the pupils being all members of the Home. To promote general habits of industry, the boys are trained in the carpenter's shop, the greenhouse, and the garden, and the girls in all kinds of housework and in sewing.

INDUSTRIAL AND REFORMATORY TRAINING.

The Reform School of the District for incorrigible and vicious boys, in 1884-'85 had 250 inmates, of whom 87 were admitted during the year. The oldest boy received was 17 and the youngest 7 years of age. The superintendent says, with respect to separating and classifying the boys, that the school sessions of each family are held in their respective buildings, the ordinary branches of a common school education being taught. Chaircaning is productive of the largest income, and more boys are employed at this work than in any other single industry. The smaller boys perform this work almost entirely, while the larger ones work on the farm, in the shoemaking and tailoring departments, and in the laundry, bakery, and kitchen.

BUSINESS EDUCATION.

The Spencerian Business College, Henry C. Spencer, principal, aims to give to young men and women a practical business education, which will qualify them to successfully perform the active duties of life. This instruction includes rapid writing and calculations, correspondence, book-keeping, business practice, commercial law, political economy, stenography, and type-writing, Day and evening sessions are held, and the full course occupies one year,

INSTRUCTION IN LANGUAGES.

The Berlitz School of Languages gives instruction in Washington in a considerable number of the different European tongues; Professor H. Larroque, a graduate of La Sorbonne, in French, and Miss Rosa Poesche in German and French. These languages are also taught in all the higher schools of the District and by many private teachers, as well as in the city high school.

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS.

TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS.

A voluntary association of the graduates of the normal school for white students meets once a month, to compare experiences in government and teaching.

CHIEF DISTRICT SCHOOL OFFICERS.

Hon. J. ORMOND WILSON,' superintendent of public schools for white pupils in Washington and Georgetown, and of the schools for both races in the rural districts, holds office till 1885.

Hon. GEORGE F. T. COOK is superintendent of the public schools for colored pupils in Washington and Georgetown.

1Succeeded in August, 1885, by Hon. W. B. Powell,

(From reports and returns of Hon. James L. Onderdonk and Hon. Silas W. Moody, territorial superintendents of public instruction, for the 2 years indicated.)

TERRITORIAL SCHOOL SYSTEM.

GENERAL CONDITION.

The above statistics show progress and improvement in every point. In several newlyformed districts the citizens have contributed liberally towards the erection and equipment of new school houses, both by subscription and labor. No statistics are available as to the number of teachers. Their pay compares favorably with that of teachers in the States and other Territories, and leads many of them in this respect. By the abrogation of third-grade county certificates, a move has been made in the direction of raising the standard of qualifications. As the law directs, each county in the Territory has adopted a uniform series of text books, and the teachers, through the superintendent, express themselves highly gratified at the change, and regard it as a material aid to their work. Two public libraries are maintained in the Territory, one at Ada, the other in Center County. The former has 800 volumes; number in the latter not reported. In view of the fact that to the majority of the school youth a college education is unavailable, the territorial superintendent strongly recommends that an industrial or technical school be established, and located in some central place in the Territory.

ADMINISTRATION.

The territorial controller is ex-officio superintendent of public instruction, and county auditors are ex-officio county school superintendents. Each county has a board of examiners, and each district a board of 3 trustees. Schools cannot be sustained from the public school fund if any political or sectarian doctrines be taught therein, and the distribution of books, tracts, or documents of this character in them is forbidden by law.

SCHOOL FINANCES.

The public schools are sustained from the income of a general territorial school fund, from a county tax of not less than 2 nor more than 8 mills on $1, from moneys arising from legal fines and forfeitures, and from fees paid by teachers for certificates of qualification. The basis of distribution of the school money is the number of children of school age (5-21). Districts may levy special taxes for building or repairing school-houses, and, when the cost of repairs does not exceed $25, the trustees may levy a tax, to be collected from such patrons of the school as are able to pay.

NEW LEGISLATION.

An act of the territorial legislature, approved February 5, 1835, continues the territorial controller as ex-officio superintendent of public instruction; requires counties containing more than 5 school districts to elect a county superintendent for a 2-years term, to hold examinations of teachers, visit schools, preside over institutes-with concurrence of county commissioners, adopt text books, and make annual reports. Elections for trustees of school districts are to be held annually, as before, but under the new law 3 are to be chosen in each district at a first election, and subsequently 1 annually for a 3-years term, in place of an outgoing one. These trustees are, under the former rule, to visit their schools at least once a month. Teachers of public schools must now hold certificates from their county superintendents, instead of the former county school examiners, and these must be valid for the time of their engagement; but any one that has taught successfully for 5 years in the Territory is not to be required to undergo any further examination in the county where such service has been performed. Territorial certificates, good for 5 years, may also now be granted by the territorial superintendent to applicants that pass a satisfactory examination before him in 14 specified branches of study, including the theory and art of education. Every teacher of a public school is, further, now required to enforce the course of study, use of text books, rules, and regulations prescribed by his or her county superintendent. If such a superintendent gives 10 days' notice of his intention to hold an institute, all teachers in his county and holders of certificates are to attend it, and teachers so attending are not to forfeit pay during the time of such attendance.

A school month, formerly unfixed, is made to be 4 weeks of 5 school days each. The school year is to begin the first Monday in September.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL TERRITORIAL REQUIREMENTS.

Teachers must present to the proper school officers certificates of qualifications covering the branches taught in the schools for which they apply. County superintendents are authorized to issue 2 grades of certificates of ability to teach the common school branches, the first grade to be valid for 2 years and the second for 1 year, the grade to be determined by examination. Territorial certificates, entitling the holder to teach in any part of the Territory for 5 years, may be issued by the superintendent of public instruction, upon the applicant passing a satisfactory examination before him in such studies as are required for the first and second grade, with the addition of high school branches, and the theory and art of teaching. Any person who has been engaged in teaching for 5 years is not required to undergo any further examination for the same school. To receive a certificate, teachers must pay the sum of $3, to be added to the school fund.

NORMAL TRAINING.

Lewis Collegiate Institute, Lewiston, offers a course of normal instruction covering 2 years of 40 weeks each.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

Under the new legislation before referred to, the superintendent of any county containing 10 or more organized school districts may hold annually a teachers' institute, the expenses of each not to exceed $50, to be paid from the current expense fund. Such institutes must be held not less than 2 nor more than 5 days, and all teachers are required to attend in their respective counties. Teachers closing school for this purpose are not to lose their time. Teachers' institutes, marked by good attention and lively interest, have been successfully held in several counties. The superintendent says that they have awakened a general interest in school affairs, imparting a healthful stimulus to the teachers, and a beneficial influence among the communities where they were held.

ADVANCED INSTRUCTION.

COLLEGIATE.

Lewis Collegiate Institute (Methodist Episcopal), organized at Lewiston in 1882, presents a teachers' and a commercial course, with preparatory and collegiate departments in both classical and scientific studies. In 1884-'85 the institute reported 25 young men and 56 young women, under 4 instructors, of which number 52 were in the musical department. Painting and elocution are also taught. The value of all property belonging to the school is estimated at $20,000; volumes in library, 1,000.

CHIEF TERRITORIAL SCHOOL OFFICER.

HON. JAMES L. ONDERDONK, territorial superintendent of public instruction; succeeded by HON. SILAS W. MOODY, Boisé City.

[First term, February, 1885, to February

a No census taken; an increase proportionate to that of the tribal Indians allowed for. b In 1882-'83.

(From the official report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the year indicated.)

TERRITORIAL SCHOOL SYSTEM.

GENERAL SUMMARY.

The five tribes composing the Union Agency have regular constitutional governments, and the outline of the school system of all is nearly the same. That of the Cherokee Nation is quite complete. Its board of education, appointed by the principal chief and confirmed by the senate, is composed of 3 members, who must possess liberal literary attainments, with moral and temperate habits. This board has entire charge of all