sixteen and twenty-one years, an increase of 9,158. A step was taken towards equalizing the salaries of teachers by reducing the average salary of men and advancing that of women. One of the most encouraging features relating to teachers is that so many more permanent ones were employed, 4,780 being men and 6,951 women. Of 28,027 applicants for teachers' certificates, only 19,530 came up to the standard of examination, and of those examined 10,392 were under twenty years of age, 3,904 being young men. From statistics at hand the superintendent is able to report the existence of 266 libraries in the State, containing in the aggregate more than 1,000,000 volumes, which are practically free to the people. In every county there is at least one public library, and the school system contemplates the building up of such a library in every school district in the State. In township districts, where public libra ries are few, the appropriation from the contingent fund for this purpose, authorized by law, may equal $75 annually. The number of sub-districts in which schools were taught less than the twenty-four weeks required by law was 165, this being 35 less than in 1833-81. There were erected during the year 455 school buildings, 13 for high schools and 442 for lower grades, at an aggregato cost of $1,194,821. The public school receipts from all sources were $13,628,709, this amount being $3,534,771 in excess of expenditures.

ADMINISTRATION.

For general supervision of the public schools there is a State commissioner elected triennially by the people. Under him are boards of education for city and village districts, township and special districts, and joint sub-districts. To test the qualiti cations of teachers, there are boards of examiners for the State, for counties, and for cities and villages. Each board of education must establish a sufficient number of schools for the free education of all youth of school age within the district under its control, and, if deemed necessary, may open one or more high schools. Each township board must establish at least one school in every sub-district under its control. District boards may, if thought best for the interests of the district, establish separate schools for colored children. In cities and villages such boards may provide evening schools, and establish schools in children's "homes," orphan asylums, and county infirmaries, expending on these the full share of public moneys due all such children of school age, which must be applied exclusively to the payment of teachers. All children between the ages of 8 and 14 years must attend the public schools for at least 12 weeks in each school year, 6 of which must be consecutive, except when excused for sutficient cause. The employment of any child less than 14 years under control of a parent or guardian and not dependent on its own resources, is prohibited, unless the child has attended school for at least 12 weeks; nor may it then be employed for more than 40 weeks. Each board determines the text books to be used and the studies to be pursued; text books are not to be changed for 3 years without the consent of three-fourths of the members of the board. The studies must be in English, unless German be demanded by 75 freeholders, who represent at least 40 pupils.

SCHOOL FINANCES.

The public schools aro sustained from the proceeds of an annual tax, the amount to be fixed by the legislature; when not so fixed it is one mill on $1 of all taxable property. They receive also 6 per cent. interest on an irreducible common school fund, and the income from local taxation. State funds, to be used only in payment of teachers, are apportioned by the State anditor to the several counties and districts according to the latest enumeration of youth therein. The funds for continuing schools, for providing school-houses and sites, and all other contingent school expenses, must be raised by a district tax not to exceed 7 mills on $1. In Cincinnati the limit is 5 mills, and in Cloveland 44 mills. The law allows an appropriation to be made from the contingent fund in any district for libraries. In city districts a tax of one-tenth of a mill on each $1 of taxable property at its assessed valuation may be levied for this purpose, and in the city of Cleveland it may be 24-tenths of a mill on $1.

SCHOOL SYSTEMS OF CITIES WITH 7,500 OR MORE INHABITANTS.

ADMINISTRATION.

Cities with 10,000 or more inhabitants have boards of education of 1 or 2 members for each ward; while cities with less than 10,000 inhabitants and villages usually have boards of 3 or 6 members; but a majority of the board may decide that its number shall correspond with that of the wards of the city, one-third being changed annually in either case. Cincinnati has a board consisting of 12 members-at-large, and 25 others representing as many wards, and Cleveland has a board of 18 members, 1 for each ward.

Akron for 1884-85 reports an increase of 216 in enrollment, of 352 in average daily attendance, and a decrease of 1 in teachers; 10 school buildings, with 61 rooms, valued with all school property at $385,000. Private schools enrolled 791 pupils in 12 rooms, under 12 teachers.

Bellaire shows a gain of 86 in school youth, of 200 in enrollment, of 88 in average attendance, and of 4 in teachers over 18-3-84, but expended $4,849 less for public schools. Allowing about one-third of school youth to be over 16 years of age and usefully employed, the enrollment included nearly all the others.

Canton reports public schools graded as primary, grammar, and high. Drawing and penmanship and German were taught. Two private schools enrolled 800 pupils. There were during the year gains of 218 in school youth, of 14 in average attendance, of 2 in teachers, and of $10,495 in expenditure, while there was a loss of 173 in enrollment.

Chillicothe reports a decrease of 199 in school youth and of 91 in enrollment, and an increase of 31 in average attendance and of $2,807 in expenditure for public schools. The schools were graded, and tanght 190 days in 5 buildings containing 40 rooms with 1,946 sittings for study. German and penmanship are taught by 4 special teachers. Private schools enrolled 325 pupils. Public school property was valued at $150,000, which was $18,000 less than in 1884.

Cincinnati, in 1884-85, gained 270 in school youth, 337 in enrollment, expending $70,409 more for public schools than in 18-3-84, with a loss of 90 in average attendance and of 3 in teachers. Of the school youth 88,939 were white and 2,403 colored. Of those attending public schools, 32,793 were white and 1,374 colored. The total number in church schools was 15,245; in private schools, 1,620; in charitable and reformatory institutions, 720; making in all 51,350 children between the ages of 6 and 21 years under instruction. The schools are graded as high, occupying 4 years; intermediate, 3 years; and district, 5 years. The city school system also includes deafmute and normal schools, with instruction in music, drawing, German, and penmanship, for which latter branches special teachers are employed. The number studying German in all schools, exclusive of pupils in the normal school, was 17,990; number studying music, 33,809; drawing, 33,298. The schools were taught 200 days in 55 buildings containing 644 rooms with 35,689 sittings for study. The primary and grammar school property was valued at $2,000,000, and that for high schools at $200,000. Night schools were not opened during the year, for want of funds. Cleveland presents an encouraging report for 1884-85, school youth having increased by 1,203, enrollment in public schools by 4,844, average daily attendance by 1,197, and regular teachers by 42. Expenditures were augmented about $18,000. Six new school buildings were erected and others repaired at a cost of $202,144 for buildings and $10,818 for repairs. Particular attention is given to instruction in German, beginning at the earliest school age with children of German-speaking parents, while

for English-speaking children the study begins with the third year. The superintendeut of the German department reports 11.927 pupils studying the language under 35 special and 59 exchange teachers, an increase of 1,548 pupils during the year, the largest that has occurred in any year since 1871-72. Of the 32,610 youth enrolled in the public schools, 72 were in a training school, 1.240 in a high school, 7,989 in grammar, and 23,309 in primary schools. Three special teachers were employed-in music, drawing, and penmanship. The system provides for night schools, and the sessions of the 9 such schools aggregated 1,357 evenings, registering 1,401 pupils, under 18 teachers.

Columbus, with a small increase in registration and average daily attendance in public schools, employed fewer teachers than in 1883-84. Schools were classed as priniary, grammar, high, and normal, and were taught 193 days. The whole number of youth receiving instruction in public and private schools was 11,523, leaving 5,975 youth between the ages of 6 and 21 years not in any school. Of the number in public schools only 380 were over 16. The superintendent says that irregular attendance is steadily lessening. The number of pupils not tardy during the year was 6,706, showing less indifference and a growing interest in school work. Particular attention is given to music and drawing throughout the course and to German in the high grades, for which special teachers are employed. Pupils studying German, 3,091, the greater part in German-English schools, others as special students. The public schools occupied 27 buildings containing 163 rooms with 9, 154 sittings for study; all school property was valued at $847,916. Estimated enrollment in private schools, 1,820.

Dayton reported for lee4-'85, a year of steady progress, the teachers working with increasing skill, faithfulness, and success, and the children more than usually regular in attendăuce. There was a decrease in youth of school age, an increase in enrollment, and a decrease in average daily attendance. The schools, graded as primary, intermediate, district, high, and normal, occupied 14 buildings, with 8 rooms for highschool purposes, 1 for normal, 4 for intermediate, and 125 for the district schools, all furnishing 6,884 sittings. The course of instruction covers 12 years below the normal school. Evening schools are classed as grammar, and architectural and mechanical drawing schools. Vocal music is taught in all the public schools, as well as German, drawing, and penmanship.

Fremont schools-primary, grammar, and high-wore tanght 185 days in 7 buildings with 1,100 sittings for study. A slight decrease appears in registration, with a corresponding increase in average daily attendance. The same number of teachers was employed, with 2 special teachers of music and German. The expenses of the schools were decreased by about $200. Public school property was valued at $55,000. Private schools enrolled 400.

Hamilton shows an increase of 128 in enrollment and of 100 in daily attendance, with 2 more teachers. Primary, grammar, high, and normal schools were taught, the average term being 194 days, in 6 buildings, with accommodations for 2,264 pupils, an increase of 148 sittings. Music is taught by a special teacher, and the study of German is provided for during the entire course. Private schools enrolled 1,100 pupils in 6 buildings with 1,050 sittings for study. Public school property was valued at $150,000.

Ironton had an increase of 35 in registration, of 73 in attendance, and employed 1 more teacher. Five buildings furnished 23 rooms for primary schools, 12 for grammar, 2 for high, and 1 for a normal training class. The aggregate sittings for study numbered 3,000. Schools were taught 184 days, by 4 men and 34 women. Valuation of public school property, $75,000. Private school enrollment, 385.

Lima, with an increase of 342 in school youth, shows a slight decline in its enrollment and attendance in public schools, with 3 more teachers employed. Of the youth registered, only 78 were over 16 years of age. The schools were graded and taught 187 days, in 3 buildings, with 1,740 sittings. School property was valued at $91,500. Private schools enrolled 360.

Mansfield, from the statistics in the State report, shows a decrease in attendance during the year from the figures given in 1883-84. Still about 70 per cent. of school youth were enrolled and 74 per cent. of enrolled were in average attendance. One new school building was erected during the year, costing, with site, $12,000. The 8 school buildings were valued, with other property, at $200,000.

Newark, sending only the statistics in the State report, shows that while school youth gained 362, there were only 16 more in average attendance, 3 more teachers, and a loss of 32 in enrollment. The erection of a new school building, costing, with site, $11,500, made 7 buildings, with 40 rooms for study, the school property being rated at $88,000. Schools were in session 38 weeks, and held 73 per cent. of enrolled in average attendance.

Portsmouth reports for the year 6 school buildings, with 42 rooms for study, with an enrollment of 2,164, or 52 to a room. School property was valued at $150,000. Sandusky had 9 school buildings, containing 2,50 sittings. Enrollment increased by 37, average attendance by 118. Five special teachers were employed in German.

Of the 2,722 yonth attending school, only 149 were over 16 years of age, while the number of youth in the city between the ages of 16 and 21 was 1,326. Schools were taught 195 days. School buildings were valued, with other school property, at $128,000. Parochial schools enrolled 1,010 pupils.

Springfield had 15 school buildings with 80 rooms for study. One new building was added during the year at a cost of $7,450, advancing the value of school property to $207,450. With about the same number of school youth, enrollment gained 146, and average attendance 204, with a decrease of $4,546 in expenditure for public schools. These were in session 195 days under 15 men and 72 women teachers, with a little over 77 per cent. of enrolled pupils in average daily attendance. The enrollment was a little over one-half of school youth (6-21).

Steubenville reports a small increase in enrollment and daily attendance, with about the same number of regular teachers and one special teacher in German. Six school buildings furnished accommodations for 2,225 pupils and are valued with sites, etc., at $160,000. The school course covers 11 years, beyond which a year is given to normal studies in a training school for such as desire to become teachers. A German course is provided, to which pupils from the third year on are admitted upon application of parents or guardians. Schools were taught 198 days, au increase of 2 days over 1883-84. Private schools eurolled 500 pupils, which, added to those in public schools, leaves 1,510 between the ages of 6 and 21 years out of school.

Tiffin presents an increase of 41 in school youth, a decrease of 7 in enrollment, and an increase of $3,573 in expenditure. Schools were taught 194 days, in 5 buildings with 1,577 sittings, and valued with other school property at $125,000. The schools are graded and penmanship is taught by a special teacher. Private schools enrolled 800 pupils.

Toledo shows an increase of 2,072 in school youth during the year. The city expended $35,535 in the erection of 2 new school buildings, making in all 25, with 151 rooms for study, and advancing the value of school property to $669,000. With an increase of 201 in eurollment and 140 in average attendance, 6 more teachers were employed and $25,785 more were expended for public schools than in 1883-84. About 73 per cent. of enrollment was in average daily attendance, the sessions extending over 200 days.

Young town reports on the whole very little change from 1883-'84, except that the value of school property was advanced to $330,000, by the addition of a new set ol building at an expenditure of $14,647, making in all 10 school-houses, with 54 rooms for study. This seems to be a full supply for the average daily attendance, giving a room for every 44 pupils. Public schools were taught 15 days of the year, during which nearly 72 per cent. of enrolled pupils were in average daily attendance.

Zanesville, losing during the year 60 in school youth, gained 113 in enrollment, 32 in average attendance, 2 in teachers, and expended $2,771 more for public schools. The public schools were tanght by 8 men and 62 women, in se-sions of 200 days, with a little over 77 per cent. of enrollment in average daily attendance. School property was rated at $250,000.

PREPARATION AND QUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS.

GENERAL STATE REQUIREMENTS.

To be employed, teachers must present certificates of qualifications from the legal examiners as to moral character, ability to teach the common English branches, and an adequate knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching. Those intending to teach additional or other branches than the above named must present certificates of qualifications to teach such branches. A legal certificate must cover the entire time of the teacher's service and must specify all the branches to be taught.

CITY NORMAL TRAINING.

No provision has been made by the State for the preparation of teachers, but such preparation is included in the city school systems of Cincinnati, Columbus, Cleveland, Dayton, Geneva, Hamilton, Ironton, Steubenville, Toledo, and others.

Cincinnati Normal School offers a course covering 1 year, including English and German departments, under specially trained instructors, including both the theory and the practice of teaching. The school was organized in 1868. "Graduates for the year, 45; students, 58.

Cleveland Training School includes English and German departments in its 1-ye course, which embraces professional and review studies and practice teaching. F admission, applicants must hold a diploma of the high schools of the city or of so other school of equal grade, or must pass satisfactorily an examination in the study of these schools or their equivalents. For graduation, there must be a good record the school itself, and fair success in the training department. The school was organized in 1875, since which time 35 students have graduated, and 240 were engaged in teaching at date of the report for 1884-'85.

Columbus Normal School, in the second year of its existence, opened with 31 pupils, of whom 25 finished the course. Both theory and practice departments are established, and the pupil teachers each bad charge of one of these for 6 consecutive weeks, doing also some substitute work in the city schools. The attendance and punctuality of the pupils were good throughout the year, the former averaging 98 and the latter 99 per

cent.

Dayton school system includes normal training, and the class of 1884-85 numbered 21 students. The per cent. of daily attendance was 97, with but 17 cases of tardiness during the year. The course of instruction includes school management, methods of teaching, history and philosophy of education, mental philosophy, and practice teaching.

Hamilton reports a normal class of 3 pupils, 5 of whom completed the 1-year course and 4 engaged in teaching.

Stenbenville also provides a 1-year course in normal studies and class drill, the course including mental philosophy, principles and practice of teaching, etc.

OTHER NORMAL TRAINING.

Genera Normal School for 1881-285, which during the year received an appropriation of $750 from the State and of $7,900 from the county, reported 112 students in the 4-years course, under 10 instructors. Besides the higher school studies, vocal and instrumental music, and drawing and painting are included in the course, as well as theory and practice of teaching and class drill.

The private normal schools reporting are the Obio Normal University. Ada; Ashland College and Normal and Business Institute, Ashland; Northeastern Ohio Normal School, Canfield; Fayette Normal School, Fayette; College of Teachers of the National Normal University, Lebanon; Western Reserve Normal School, Milan; and Wadsworth Normal School, Wadsworth. Besides these, there are normal departinents in the Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware; Mt. Union College, Mt. Union; the German Evangelical Lutheran Seminary, Woodville; and Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, for colored students. The Mansfield Normal School is extinct. The above schools and norinal departments present courses covering from 1 to 4 years. For statistics of these and others reporting, see Table III of the Appendix.

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES.

A teachers' institute may be organized in any county by not less than 30 teachers of common schools residing therein, who declare in writing their intention to attend such institute. Teachers in common schools may dismiss their schools to attend institutes held in their respective counties, but no union or graded school may be so dismissed, unless a mejority of the teachers employed therein assent to the closure. Institutes must continue at least 4 days. Fees of 50 cents for each applicant for examination as a teacher are applied to the support of institutes.

Such institutes wore held in 1881-'85 in 88 counties, attended by 6,119 men and 6.89 women. They were in session an aggregate of 694 days, under 3 instructors. The total receip's were $20,596, of which $17,083 were from county treasuries, $2,768 from members, and $740 from other sources.

The expenses incurred were $18,550, of which sum $13,837 went to pay lecturers and teachers. This lelt a balance on baud of $2,308.

EDUCATIONAL JOURNALS.

The Ohio Educational Monthly, published at Akron, by Hon. Samuel Findley, was in 1834-'85 in its thirty-fourth volume. It has been for many years the organ of the State Teachers' Association, and is one of the oldest school journals in the United States.

Other journals are the National Normal Exponent, a monthly journal published at Cincinnati, in the interest of the National Normal University at Lebanon, and the Via à Fis, edited and published weekly at the Ohio State Institution for Deaf Mutes, Columbus.

SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.

PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS.

Boards of education may establish high schools at their own discretion, and in 1884-85 there were 39 buildings in the State used exclusively for high schools, containing 718 100ms, exclusive of those used only for recitation. There were enrolled in all the high schools in the State 18,320 girls and 14,221 boys, taught by 613 men and 288 women.

OTHER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

For statistics of business colleges, private academic schools, and schools specially preparatory to college, see Tables IV, VI, and VII of the Appendix, and for summaries of the same, see corresponding tables in the report of the Commissioner preceding.