Maiming and torture, 491. Maine, Penal and Reformatory System, 145. Mark-System for Progressive Classification, 33, 310. Marin, Henry, Duty of Society to Children, 475. Preventive Institutions and Agencies, 212. State Primary School for Abandoned Children, 135. [135. Farm Schools, and other Preventive Institutions, Materialism a Cause of Crime, 434- Maximum and Minimum Sentences, 630. Meat in Prison Diet, 120. Medical Service of Prisons, Superintendent, 242. Based on certain Principles, 342. Michigan, Penal and Reformatory Work, 161. Public School, and Home for Waifs, 162. Military Prisons, 344, 398 Mill, John Stuart, cited, 241. Minimization of Crime, 605. Minnesota, Prison System, 177. Minority, Division into three Periods, 470. Minors exposed to Temptation, 64. Large Proportion of Criminal Population, 471, 626. Special Prison and Treatment, 626. Mississippi, Prison System, 196. Missouri, Prisons and Reformatories, 201. Mittermaier, 405. Moabit Prison, near Berlin, 414. Molesworth, Sir W., Transportation, 30 Monitor, substitute for House-father, 401. Employed by Maconochie and Montesinos, 637. Moral Amelioration of great Criminals, 652. Moral Biography, Classification by, 360. Moral Forces versus Physical, 51, 99, 172, 237, 017. Moral Sense or Conscience, 645. Morey, Motive on Labor Contractors, 111, 194, 199. Mortality, 326. Moscow, Prison System of Sollohub, 33. Moses, Ordinances respecting Children, 68. Motives in a good Life, 96, 155, 621. Mottoes on Walls of Prisons, 402. Mouat, Intermediate Imprisonment, 326. Muilen, W. J., Philadelphia Prison Society, 122, Naval Prisons, 344. Nebraska, Prisons, 182. Neglected Children, Asylums, 130, 132, 427. Netherlands, Reforms by Maria Theresa, 10. New Brunswick, Prisons and Jails, 253. New Hampshire, Penal and Reformatory System, 142. Family System of Reformatories, 156. New York City, Reformatory Work, 80, 125. Female Guardian Society, 127. New York, State System of Prisons, 149. Unofficial but Authorized, 241. System with Discharged Prisoners, 122. New Zealand, Prison System, 294. Norfolk Island, Maconochie's Work, 631. Normal School for Prison Officers, 62, 66, 669. North Carolina, Prisons, 201. Labor System, 202. Norway, Prison System, 513. Classes, Administration, Treatmeut, 514. Numbers, Sympathy of, 105. Should not exceed individual attention, 38, 64. Nya-Varfort, Model Juvenile Prison, 502. OBERLIN, Pastor, Infant Schools, 339. Obermaier, Prison Reform at Munich, 32, 422. Gradation in Rank and Responsibility, 51. Qualities of Character, 62, 430, 616. Qualifications, 110, 285, 414, 502, 624. Training, 55, 65, 246, 342, 624, 669. Trial, 426, 503, 675. Appointment, 100, 150, 160, 421, 426. Examples of Good, 29, 104, 145, 207, 515. Asylums, County, Industrial Schools. 167. Industrial Prison for Women, 250. Oral Methods and Conversations with Adults, 505. [654. PAIN and Suffering as motives to be good, 635. Parental Duty and Neglect, 224, 679. Responsibility for Expense of Minors, 224. Paris, Prison System, 345. Parkhurst Juvenile Prison, 78, 79. Participation of Earnings by Prisoners, 123, 510. Patronage Societies, 41, 338, 675, 687. For Females Discharged, 338, 351. Paul, Sir George O., Reform in 1790, 15. Pauper Children, Scotch system of placing, 225. Peel, Sir Robert, 18. Penalties, Assimilation versus Classification, 665. Penitentiary Journal, Copenhagen, 499. Penal Codes and Prison Practice, 35, 60, 365. Penal Labor, 106, 286, 337. Pennsylvania, Penal and Reformatory System, 157. Pensions for Prison Officers, 419. Persia, Prisons, 582. Persuaders and Organized Persuasion, 50, 638. Personal Influence of Prison Teacher, 506. Peru, Prison System, 560. Perversity in Criminal Courses, 39, 652. Pestalozzi, Henry, Child-saving Work, 690. Pestalozzi Asylums, 441. Petersen, R., Christiania Penitentiary, 515. Philadelphia, Prison Work, 22, 25, 157. Society to Ameliorate Miseries 1776, 19, 121. Cellular System, 25. 29, 158. [159. Abandoned in Pittsburgh Western Penitentiary, Physical Force versus Moral, 99. Pistole, a Privileged Class, 353. Pittsburgh Western Penitentiary, Trial of Systems, Plays in Child-saving Institution, 699. Plutarch, Ancient Prisons, 4. Poland, Prisons and Reformatories, 470. Child-saving Institution, 470, 475. Police, co-operation with voluntary efforts, 65, 246, Politics, in Prison Administration, 109, 605, 620. Pope Clement XI., Prison Reformer, 7, 659. Portugal Penal System, 476. Short-comings and Abuses, 477-479- Premiums and Prizes for Good Conduct, 395, 435. Preventive Institutions, 144, 212, 343, 607, 682. American Children's Aid Societies, 127, 130. French System, 341, 343- [700. German Systems of Family Institutions, 688, 693, Italy, 484. Prison-bird, Odium of Imprisonment, 19. 1 Out of Prison Work, and less Restraint, 452. Shortening of Sentence, 417. Transferrence to less coercive Prison, 418. Probationary Stage of Confinement, 458. Proclivity to Crime, Educational Restraint, 644. Results, 490, 495, 550. Providence, R. I., Prevention and Reform, 137. Protestant Brotherhoods for Christian Work, 415. Psychological or Soul Faculties, 648. Moral Anomalies, Feebleness or Absence, 645- Public Opinion, Institutional, 35, 105, 244, 361. Corporal Punishment, the Lash, 99- Deprivation of Privileges, 417, 671. Irons, Stocks, Branding, 22. Torture, 22. QUEENSLAND, Prisons, 311. RADIATING Blocks of Cells, 415. General Principles and Results, 693. Results in Germany, 700. Raumer, Charles von, Destitute Children, 692. Reading Prison, 1844, 29. Reading-room, Prison, 99. Recidivists, Relapses, 337, 484, 520, 687. Reconvictions and Cumulative Sentences, 116, 261, Reform the end in Farm School. 341, 366. Reinthaler, C., the Martinstift at Erfurt, 690. Relapse of Reformed, 136, 137, 229, 415, 603, 665, 685. Religion in Reformatory Work, 55, 100, 622, 653, 698. Religious Instruction, 100, 170, 699. England, 221. France, 336. Germany, 690, 699. Ireland, 234, 239. Scotland, 229. United States, 99, 141. Religious Men in Prison Administration, 415. Resistance of the Prisoner to Discipline, 663. Responsibility of Children for their Acts, 682. Rhode Island, Penal and Preventive Institutes, 136. When sufficient, 689. Royal Commission on Convict Prisons, 1978, 240. Rutland, Vt., House of Correction, 148. SAFE-KEEPING, Accused and Witnesses, 38, 115. Sallust, Prisoners of Rome, 5. Sampson at work in Prison, 54, 120. Sandwich Islands, 569. Sanitary Conditions, 54, 120, 240. Santa Lucia Prison, 271. Saving and Protection, 67, 131. Savings-banks in Children's Aid Society, 127. Saxony, Prison System, 424. Scandinavian Countries, xvi., 491-524. Denmark, 491; Sweden, 499; Norway, 513. Schools and education in relation to Crime, 224, 482. Science-study of Crime, Despine, 649-660. Scourging, 99. Scotland, Transitional Condition, 228. Prisons, Perth, Paisley, Ayr, 228, 25r. County Jails, Chaplains, Schools, Libraries, 229. Aid on leaving by instalments, 230, Payments proportionate to Behavior, 230. Seaside Summer Excursions, 129. Seiss, M., Prison teacher and correspondent, 519. Self-interest, 49, 237, 618, 645. Self-respect, 50, 245, 618. Sentences, long or short, 109, 119, 261, 619. Minimum until Reformation, 627. Discretion of Court, 119, 353. Determined by Administrators, 114, 620. Examples, France, 332. Practically determined by prisoner's reformation, 353- Separate Cells at all times, 91, 114, 346, 352. Sewerage and Sewer-gas, 421. Sex, in crime and exposure, 24, 94, 694. Short Sentences, 252, 518. First Stage of Penal Treatment, 614. Sleep, 511. Snedaker. Kentucky Penitentiary, 199. Social condition of inmates of R formatories, 687, 694 Socialistic Movement, 441. Social Nature, 104, 106, 159, 361, 614, 652. France, 36. Spain, 382. Switzerland, 43. United States, 23. Society and Crime, 53, 72, 82, 615, 686. Soldiers' Orphans, Asylums and Homes, 142. Solitary Confinement, 64, 104, 243. Not suitable to Criminals of moral infirmity, 652. Solitude and Silence, 26, 674. Sollohub, Count, Reforms at Moscow, 33, 46, 361. South American States, Prison Systems, 547. South Australia, Prisons, 304. South Carolina, Prisons and Jails, 196. Southern States, 188-213. Lease System of Labor, 197, 200. Neglect of Schools and Educa ion, 192. Spain, Penal System, 365, 383. Wretch d Condition, 365-379. State Aid to Discharged Prisoners, 192, 433. State (in United States) Penal Institutions, 133. Workhouses, 114. Asylums and Farms for Neglected Children, 127. Statistics of Prisons. 56, 62, 90. 126, 133. 633, 667. St. Helena, Prison, 288. St. Hubert Juvenile Prison. 363. St. Kevin, Reformatory in Ireland, 239. St. Kits Prison, 279. St. Lazare Prison, for Women, 348. St. Michael, Juvenile Prison at Rome. 7. St. Paul's doctrine of the Conscience seared, 658. Stevens, Inspector-general of Prisons, 42, 360. Stocks, Irons, Pillory, Torture, 3, 22, Straits Settlement, Prisons, 297. Studzieniec, Farm-School after Mettray, 474. Sunday, 101, 137, 179. Sunday Occupation, 101, 451, 700. Moral Lectures, 137, 656. Sunday School, 101, 137, 179. Superintendent, State, 100, 606. Institutions, 371, 507, 606. Supervision, too minute, 639. Support, Earnings of Prisoners, 416, 425, 433. Prisoners direct payment, 416, 442. Suringar, W. H., Netherlands, Mettray, 84, 398, 968. Royal Administrator, 499. Selection and Training of Prison Officers, 503. Auburn, or Congregate, 215, 217. Maconochie, 32. Pennsylvania, 26, 42, 63. Absence of any and all, 114. TALLACK, Howard Association, 243. Tauffer, Emile, Progressive System, 455. Tenderness and Justice Combined, 618. Tenure of Office, 150, 248. Bearing on the Labor Question, 110. Tennessee, Prison System, 207. Lease System of Labor, 208. Term of Sentence, Average, 119. Shortened by good behavior, 38, 97. Classified for Punishment and Reformation, 614. Test or trial of reformatory work, 615. Theft, 44- American Criminals, 112. Thiers, M., Infant Schools, 340. Thompson, Prison Cruelties, 1730, 8. Ticket-of-leave Men, 300, 317. Tobacco in Prison, 270, 423, 511 Tocqueville, Alexander De, 109, 111, 115. Chinese Criminal Treatment, 592. Trades, followed by Criminals, 107, 419, 452, 652. Preventive Work, 415, 691. Tramps, 115. Streets free in School Hours, 131. Vander Recke, Count, Dusselthal Reformatory, 691. Vilain, Viscount, Ghent Prison, 11. Virginia, Prison System, 203. Visiting Agency for Juveniles, 135, 163. Visitors, authorized, but unofficial, 241. Friendly and Family, 54, 536, 638. Associations, 19. Voluntary Associated Preventive Work, 609, 610. City Lock-ups and Station-houses, 118. [694. Volter, Ludovicus, Child-saving Institutions, 692, WAKEFIELD, Refuge for Discharged Prisoners, 227. Supreme as to Discipline and Contractors, 628. Wayland, Francis, Prison-reform Institute, 705. Wesleys and the Godly Club, Prison Work, 9. Westborough, State Reform School, 126. West Virginia, Penal Institutions, 164. Webster, Daniel, and the Old Home, 142, 144. Whately, R., Primary Object of Punishment, 29. Whipping, 24, 99, 289. Wichern, J. W., Child-saving Work, 55, 341, 688. Wilkinson, Maryland, State-prison, 211. [615. Will of Prisoner and his Reformer Coincident, 50, Examples of highest Success, 518. Windsor, Vt.. State-prison, 147. Wines, E. C., State of Prisons, Preface, Death, iii. Ideal System of Crime-prevention, 605. Wisconsin Prisons, Reformatories, Asylums, 173. State Board of Charities, Women Members, 173. Child-saving Work, 55. Members of Prison Boards, 133, 155. Participators in International Congresses, 54- [474. Special Prison at Sherborn, Mass., 134. Trajeuski, Teacher of Polish Model Reformatory, Abrogation, 30. Used as a Reward, 470, 471. Transferrence from one Prison to another, 485, 628. Unknown in American Prisons, 106. Trial, Delay of, 479. Separation from Convicts, 92. Trinidad Prisons, 262. Truants and Truant Schools, 135, 156. Turkey, Prisons and Lock-ups, 385-391. VAGRANTS, male and female, in N. Y. City, 130. Other Special Prisons, 227, 377. Woolsey, T. D., Prison-reform Institute, 704. Workhouses for Vagrants, Inebriates, etc., 114. Würtemberg Prison System, 427. Child-saving Institutions, 692. Wurtz, P. I., Home for Children at Neuhof, 692. YARDS turned into Gardens. 519. ZELLER, C. H., at Beuggen, 690, 691. DEPENDENT CHILDREN IN SWITZERLAND. CARE, TRAINING AND STATISTICS.* HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT. INSTITUTIONS for the care of impoverished, neglected, or maltreated children, have, to a limited extent, existed for nearly two centuries in Switzerland. The institutions earliest founded for this purpose, and many of the present day, were, and are now known as Orphan Asylums, but are such only by name, as they do not restrict admission to orphanage, but are open to any child whose parents or guardians desire to enter the same for purposes of better care and discipline, and are willing to pay a nominal sum for maintenance, or gratuitously to such as are dependent, neglected and likely to become vagrants. Some of these institutions whose means are ample, resemble prosperous boarding schools more than asylums for poor and unfortunate children. The farming out of dependent children was also much in vogue at one time among some municipalities, but its results on the whole prove so unsatisfactory, that the practice will soon cease altogether. PESTALOZZI.-WEHRLI.-FELLENBERG. t Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who at Neuhof, in 1775, founded the first distinctive institution for the care, instruction, and training of the poor to habits of industry, is the man above all others who, by his ardor and personal sacrifices for the cause, practically inaugurated the present system of industrial training of dependent children. It was he who first gathered about himself ragged, neglected and maltreated children, sought out the youthful victims of the farming out system and reclaimed from almshouses and prisons their juvenile inmates, and taking them to the Home he had prepared at Neuhof, there trained them by example and the force of his profound love, to become useful members of society. His ideas found favor with the eminent philanthropist and scholar, Emanuel Fellenberg, who in 1810 founded at "Hofwyl," what he was pleased to simply call "a school for the poor." John Jacob Wehrli, the most ardent, practical, and successful of Pestalozzi's followers, then but twenty years of age, was placed in charge of this institution, and to his devotion and life-long labor, his unselfishness and careful study of human nature, are greatly due the beneficent results which have By Hon. John Hitz, Consul General of Switzerland at Washington. For full account of Pestalozzi, Fellenberg and other Swiss educators see Barnard's Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism-the same in Swiss Schools and Pedagogy, Edition of 1880. 10 |