antidotes to cold, where "wine maketh the heart glad,” and the well-buttered muffin counteracts the disagreeable sensation of hunger. How can a man be liberal in his biddings, while the hermit fasting in his stomach is teasing him for supplies?

Mention is made as to Garraway's by old writers as early as 1640. Here are some specimens:

Thomas Garraway, in Exchange-alley, tobacconist and coffeeman, was the first who retailed tea, recommending it for the cure of all diseases. The following was his shop bill: "Tea in the leaf has been sold in England for six pounds and sometimes for ten pounds the pound weight; and in respect of its former dearness and scarceness, it hath only been used as a regalia in high treatments and entertainments, made thereof to princes and grandees till the year 1567. The said Thomas Garraway did purchase a quantity thereof, and first sold the said tea in leaf and drink made according to the most knowing merchants and travellers into those eastern countries; and upon knowledge and experience of the said Garraway's continued care and industry in obtaining the best tea and making drink thereof, very many noblemen, physicians, merchants, and gentlemen of quality have ever since sent to him for the said leaf, and duly resort to his house in Exchange-alley, to drink the drinks thereof. And to the end that all persons of eminence and quality who have occasion for tea in leaf, may be supplied, these are to give notice that the said Thomas Garraway hath tea to sell, from sixteen to fifty shillings the pound."—Ellis's Letters, 2nd Series, iv. 58.

"The Royal Exchange is the resort of City traders from half-past one to three o'clock, but the better sort meet in Exchange-alley, a little before, at those celebrated coffeehouses called Garraway's, Robin's, and Jonathan's. People of quality at the first; in the second, foreign bankers, and

even ministers; and in the third, buyers and sellers of stock."-Defoe-"A Journey through England," 1722.

"Mr. Ogilby has set up a lottery of books at Mr. Garraway's Coffee-house, which opened April 7th, 1673"London Gazette, No. 768.

"There is a gulf where thousands fell,

Here all the bold adventures came:
A narrow sound tho' deep as hell,
Change-alley is the dreadful name.
Meantime secure on Garraway's cliffs,
A savage race by shipwrecks fed,
Lie waiting for the foundered skiff,

And strip the bodies of the dead."

1721, Swift-" The South Sea Project."

"A famous physician (Dr. Radcliffe) ventured five thousand pounds upon a project in the South Sea. When he was told at Garraway's that it was all lost, 'Why,' said he, "tis but going up five thousand pair of stairs more.' This answer deserved a statue."-Tom Brown's Works.

Ed. 1709.

"Upon my coming home last night, I found a very handsome present of French wine left for me, as a taste of 216 hogsheads which are to be put up for sale at £20 per hogshead, at Garraway's Coffee-house, on the 22nd, at three in the afternoon, and to be tasted in Major Long's vaults from the 20th to the time of sale."-The Tatler, No. 147

214

PATERNOSTER-ROW, AND THE CHAPTER COFFEE-HOUSE.

THE booksellers and publishers of modern times are the best patrons of literature, and authorship is no longer a condition of pauperism. Even mere penny-a-liners often make a decent livelihood, while reporters of a higher order are frequently barristers, or gentlemen of high character, who experience so much liberality at the hands of newspaper proprietors that they often find it wise to leave their profession in abeyance; while in Parliament, and elsewhere, they toil for the instruction or amusement of the public. Original authors, too, if really possessed of superior abilities, may make them extremely remunerative; and their taskmasters in the Row are always ready to reward them with both hands, if their headwork deserves it. Paternoster-row originally, perhaps, obtained that name from the circumstance that many vendors of paternosters, breviaries, and other church services had established themselves there, owing to its contiguity with old St. Paul's. Thus in Stow's Chronicle," p. 126, we read:

"Paternoster-row, so called, because of stationers and text-writers that dwelt there, who wrote and sold all sorts of books then in use, namely, A, B, C, with the paternoster, ave, creed, graces, et cætera.'

Strype, too, b. iii., p. 195, writes:

"This street, before the fire of London, was taken up by eminent mercers, silkmen, and lacemen, and their shops were so resorted unto by the nobility and gentry in their coaches, that ofttimes the street was so stopped up that there was no passage for foot-passengers; but since the said fire those eminent tradesmen have settled themselves in several other parts, especially in Covent-garden, in Bedford-street, Henrietta-street, and King-street; and the inhabitants in this street are now (1720) a mixture of tradespeople, and chiefly tirewomen, for the sale of commodes, top-knots, and the like dressings for females. There are also many shops of mercers and silkmen, and at the upper end some stationers, and large warehouses for booksellers, well situated for learned and studious men's access thither, being more retired and private."

Hear old Pepys :

"21 Nov., 1666.-My wife and I went to Paternosterrow, and there we bought some green watered moyre for a morning waistcoat."

Notice here modern fashion returning to the tastes of our ancestors; moire antique is now a very popular article of dress, though not for morning waistcoats. Take

another bit of Pepys :

"May 17, 1662.-After dinner, my lady (Sandwich) and she (Mrs. Sanderson), and I, went on foot to Paternosterrow, to buy a petticoat against the Queen's coming for my lady, of plain satin." And Lady Rachel Russel, in a letter to her lord says, "Was with your sisters at a Dutchwoman's, Paternoster-row, and the three Exchanges."

What a changeable world we inhabit! Think of Paternoster-row being remarkable for its quiet and privacy! Think of beaus and belles resorting thither on foot, to purchase their gay clothes. Alack, all the shine has long since been taken out of the old houses.

queer narrow avenue of tall The mercers and tirewomen have departed

westward, and have even relinquished their midway habitat in Covent-garden and Henrietta-street! True, Ludgate-hill rejoices still in a few fine butterfly shops, but Fashion's natural haunts are now to be sought in Regentstreet or Bond-street, and probably in another generation or two she will undertake an emigration to Belgravia. Vicissitude is the sovereign of those who worship the mode. Hoops a century ago, crinoline to-day-coal-scuttle bonnets in 1830, cap bonnets or flowers and bobs of ribbon at the back of the head in 1860.

Almost on the site of Dolly's Chop-house, Queen Elizabeth's famous clown, Tarlton, kept an ordinary dignified with the name of the Castle. In a house hard by dwelt Ann Turner, the notorious inventor of yellow starch, and a chief agent in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.

Need we say that the shop of the Longmans is No. 39? The founder of the firm, Thomas Longman, died in 1755, and the earliest book bearing his name, now known, was printed "for Thomas Longman, at the Ship and Black Swan, 1725."

Very recently a volume, giving the history of this most remarkable firm, has been published, and it will be interesting to all lovers of literature. My first recollection of the firm dates in 1806, when it was "Longman, Hurst, Green, Orme, and Brown." They were the original London publishers of Sir Walter Scott's works. I well remember the immense popularity of the "Lay" and "Marmion," and not less of "Waverley," and the wonderful series of novels it heralded. We can scarcely now understand the enthusiasm of the town on such subjects — when large 4to editions of the poems (price £2 28.) were eagerly bought up, and when a Scotch packet had for its sole cargo the first edition of the “ Antiquary;" or that upon a report that the vessel had been lost in a storm, the press spoke of the event as a national calamity. If the